Table 5.
Income stratified multivariable adjusteda associations between categories of food density within one kilometer of census block group and total caloric intake and daily phosphorous intake with among females with complete income and diet data in the CRIC cohort (n=1889)
| Caloric intake (kcal/day) | Phosphorous (mg/day) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of outlets within one kilometer | Income <$20,000 | Income $20,000-$50,000 | Income > $50,000 | Income <$20,000 | Income $20,000-$50,000 | Income > $50,000 | |
| GMb (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | GM (95% CI) | ||
| Fast food | Zero | 1291 (1111-1501) | 1396 (1237-1575) | 1509 (1262-1806) | 812 (693-951) | 857 (754-974) | 946 (774-1157) |
| 1-3 | 1574 (1421-1744)* | 1338 (1204-1486) | 1657 (1396-1967) | 965 (866-1075)* | 813 (727-909) | 1066 (880-1292) | |
| 4-7 | 1648 (1491-1820)* | 1335 (1192-1494) | 1640 (1380-1948) | 1009 (909-1121)* | 842 (747-949) | 1070 (881-1298) | |
| 8+ | 1382 (1214-1573) | 1329 (1191-1483) | 1731 (1435-2088)* | 932 (813-1068) | 771 (686-867) | 1121 (908-1383)* | |
| p-value | 0.01 | 0.89 | 0.21 | 0.11 | 0.50 | 0.12 | |
| Grocery stores | Zero | 1486 (1365-1618) | 1374 (1264-1493) | 1647 (1402-1936) | 928 (850-1014) | 837 (766-914) | 1058 (882-1268) |
| 1 | 1474 (1319-1647) | 1284 (1135-1452) | 1656 (1385-1980) | 911 (811-1022) | 755 (663-860) | 1077 (881-1316) | |
| 2+ | 1767 (1541-2027)* | 1309 (1154-1484) | 1597 (1314-1941) | 1141 (989-1316)* | 810 (708-925) | 1034 (830-1288) | |
| p-value | 0.04 | 0.49 | 0.89 | 0.01 | 0.29 | 0.91 | |
| All food outlets | Zero | 1351 (1112-1641) | 1345 (1181-1530) | 1475 (1229-1770) | 842 (686-1034) | 844 (735-969) | 933 (760-1146) |
| 1-5 | 1517 (1378-1669) | 1408 (1268-1562) | 1633 (1377-1936) | 939 (849-1039) | 838 (750-937) | 1050 (867-1272) | |
| 6-10 | 1696 (1526-1886)* | 1286 (1150-1438) | 1657(1398-1963) | 1030 (921-1152) | 813 (722-916) | 1084 (895-1311)* | |
| 11+ | 1377 (1219-1555) | 1333 (1198-1484) | 1755 (1453-2120)* | 917 (807-1042) | 786 (701-881) | 1110 (898-1373)* | |
| p-value | 0.02 | 0.56 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.76 | 0.12 | |
| Modified retail food environment index | Zero | 1350 (1112-1640) | 1349 (1186-1535) | 1465 (1222-1756) | 843 (687-1034) | 842 (734-967) | 931 (759-1142) |
| FFR+CSc only | 1507 (1378-1648) | 1388 (1268-1519) | 1720 (1462-2025)* | 939 (855-1032) | 837 (760-922) | 1110 (924-1333)* | |
| GSd: FFR+CS≤0.2 | 1464 (1313-1631) | 1357 (1214-1516) | 1599 (1344-1904) | 937 (836-1050) | 789 (701-889) | 1025 (843-1248) | |
| GS: FFR+CS>0.2 | 1856 (1604-2147)* | 1175 (1013-1362) | 1584 (1297-1934) | 1120 (961-1305)* | 765 (653-896) | 1049 (838-1313) | |
| p-value | 0.02 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.08 | 0.60 | 0.08 | |
Statistically different p<0.05 compared to zero outlets
Adjusted for age (continuous years), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic black, non-Hispanic white, other), income (<$20,000, $20,001 - $50,000, >$50,000), education level (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate or more), marital status (never, formerly, or currently married), and study center
GM= geometric mean (95% CI: 95% confidence interval)
FFR+CS= fast food restaurants and convenience stores
GS= grocery stores