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. 2020 Jun 8;117(25):14395–14404. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1918596117

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Fig. 5. — Activation of the ISGylation pathway by RIG-I. (A and B) ATRA induced the expression of ISGylation pathway genes. NB4 cells were collected at various time points after the treatment with ATRA. The expression levels of the mRNAs (A) and proteins (B) of the ISGylation pathway genes were evaluated respectively. (C and D) RIG-I promoted the expression of the ISGylation pathway genes. U937-RIG-I cells were collected at various time points after RIG-I induction, and the expression levels of the mRNAs (C) and proteins (D) of ISGylation pathway genes were evaluated respectively. (E) RIG-I knockdown by shRNA down-regulated ISG15 expression and total ISGylation in NB4 cells. (F) ATRA treatment up-regulated and activated STAT1, STAT2, and IRF1 in NB4 cells. (G) RIG-I up-regulated and activated STAT1, STAT2, and IRF1 in U937-RIG-I cells.