Table 1.
Characteristics of study participants by allergic rhinitis.
| Characteristic | All (n = 1344) | Allergic rhinitis |
Pa | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 793) | No (n = 551) | ||||||
| Maternal age at delivery, n (%) | 0.027 | ||||||
| <25 years | 48 | (3.6) | 26 | (3.3) | 22 | (4.0) | |
| 25–29 years | 337 | (25.1) | 204 | (25.7) | 133 | (24.1) | |
| 30–34 years | 654 | (48.7) | 392 | (49.4) | 262 | (47.5) | |
| 35–39 years | 262 | (19.5) | 138 | (17.4) | 124 | (22.5) | |
| ≥40 years | 43 | (3.2) | 33 | (4.2) | 10 | (1.8) | |
| Age, year (mean ± SD) | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 6.5 ± 0.4 | 6.4 ± 0.4 | 0.127 | |||
| Male, n (%) | 763 | (56.8) | 468 | (59.0) | 295 | (53.5) | 0.046 |
| Prematurityb, n (%) | 0.334 | ||||||
| Term | 1139 | (84.7) | 671 | (84.6) | 468 | (84.9) | |
| Late preterm | 156 | (11.6) | 96 | (12.1) | 60 | (10.9) | |
| Very preterm | 11 | (0.8) | 8 | (1.0) | 3 | (0.5) | |
| Extremely preterm | 38 | (2.8) | 18 | (2.3) | 20 | (3.6) | |
| Birth order, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||||
| First | 752 | (56.0) | 487 | (61.4) | 265 | (48.1) | |
| Second | 481 | (35.8) | 259 | (32.7) | 222 | (40.3) | |
| Third or later | 111 | (8.3) | 47 | (5.9) | 64 | (11.6) | |
| Cesarean delivery, n (%) | 479 | (35.6) | 278 | (35.1) | 201 | (36.5) | 0.592 |
| Pregnancy-related complications, n (%) | 83 | (6.2) | 48 | (6.1) | 35 | (6.4) | 0.823 |
| Maternal allergic diseases, n (%) | 613 | (45.9) | 424 | (53.9) | 189 | (34.4) | <0.001 |
| Paternal allergic diseases, n (%) | 683 | (51.0) | 446 | (56.6) | 237 | (43.1) | <0.001 |
| Maternal ethnicity, n (%) | 0.504 | ||||||
| Chinese | 1318 | (98.1) | 776 | (97.9) | 542 | (98.4) | |
| Non-Chinese | 26 | (1.9) | 17 | (2.1) | 9 | (1.6) | |
| Paternal ethnicity, n (%) | 0.714 | ||||||
| Chinese | 1340 | (99.7) | 791 | (99.7) | 549 | (99.6) | |
| Non-Chinese | 4 | (0.3) | 2 | (0.3) | 2 | (0.4) | |
| Maternal smoking, n (%) | 44 | (3.3) | 27 | (3.4) | 17 | (3.1) | 0.751 |
| Paternal smoking, n (%) | 401 | (29.8) | 232 | (29.3) | 169 | (30.7) | 0.577 |
| ETS exposure during pregnancy, n (%) | 547 | (41.7) | 314 | (40.7) | 233 | (43.1) | 0.397 |
| Maternal university education, n (%) | 1075 | (80.3) | 639 | (80.9) | 436 | (79.4) | 0.506 |
| Paternal university education, n (%) | 1013 | (76.8) | 607 | (78.3) | 406 | (74.6) | 0.118 |
| Household income per year, n (%) | 0.395 | ||||||
| <300,000 NTD | 43 | (3.2) | 20 | (2.5) | 23 | (4.2) | |
| 300,000~600,000 NTD | 221 | (16.6) | 125 | (15.9) | 96 | (17.6) | |
| 600,000~900,000 NTD | 291 | (21.8) | 178 | (22.6) | 113 | (20.7) | |
| 900,000~1,200,000 NTD | 371 | (27.8) | 223 | (28.3) | 148 | (27.1) | |
| >1,200,000 NTD | 408 | (30.6) | 242 | (30.7) | 166 | (30.4) | |
n: number, SD: standard deviation, NTD: New Taiwan Dollar.
a
P value is obtained from ANOVA test (continuous variables) or chi-squared test (categorical variables). P < 0.05 is bold.
b
Classified based on gestational age: term (≥37 weeks), late preterm (32 – <37 weeks), very preterm (28 – <32 weeks), and extremely preterm (<28 weeks).