Table 2.

Clock and circadian phenotypes upon modulation of the immune system.

Immune stimulus	Effect	Tissue/cells	Reference
LPS	Delays in circadian activity		[77,78]
	Disrupted clock gene expression:
	-Reduced Dbp and Per2	SCN	[76]
	-Increased Per1	PVN	[64]
	-Per2 phase shift, reduced Bmal1	Macrophages	[57]
	-Reduced Per1 and Per2	Heart, liver	[85]
	-Altered Dbp, Ppara, Fkbp51	Liver	[76]
	-Reduced Per2	Ovaries	[86]
	-Disrupted rhythms and new rhythms	Lung	[87]
	-Reduced Bmal1	Macrophages	[44]
TNFα	Reduced LMA, prolonged rest phase		[75]
	Altered spiking activity	SCN	[80]
	Reduced Dbp	SCN	[75]
	Reduced Per1-3, Dbp, Tef, Hlf	Fibroblasts	[75]
	Increased CRY1, reduced Dbp, Per2	Hepatocytes/liver	[81]
IFNγ	Altered spiking activity	SCN	[80]
	Reduced Per1	SCN	[80]
IFNα	Reduced BMAL1 and CLOCK	Hepatocytes/liver	[82]
Salmonella	Reduced Per2	Macrophages	[56] [79]
Turpentine oil	Reduced Per1 and Per2 peaks	Liver	[93]
	Shifted Per2 oscillation	Heart