Generation, appearance and body weights of Ngly1−/− rats. (A) Schematic figure showing generation of Ngly1−/− rat using CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing technology. (B) Representative results from genotyping of Ngly1+/+, +/− and −/− rats. Deletion in the Ngly1 gene can be detected by PCR and electrophoresis. (C) Western blot analysis of NGLY1 expression in brains from Ngly1−/− and WT rats. (D) Representative photograph of Ngly1−/− rat and a littermate WT rat at postnatal day one. (E) Survival curve of WT and Ngly1−/− rats (WT, n = 10; KO, n = 20). Ngly1−/− rats have a significantly shorter lifespan than their littermates, WT rats, until weaning. (F) Body weight of Ngly1−/−, Ngly1+/− and WT rats (Ngly1−/−; n = 10–12, Ngly1+/−; n = 12, WT; n = 12). Rats were weighed weekly after weaning (starting from 4 weeks old).