Table 1.
Differentially expressed endogenous metabolites between groups sham and AD and their change trends in all groups.
| Metabolite | m/z | Rt (min) | HMDB ID | PubChem ID | AD vs. sham | ADa | BSTSFb | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VIP | p | FC | |||||||
| ESI+ | |||||||||
| Tangeritin | 373.1267 | 5.3139 | 0030539 | 68077 | 2.374 | 0.001 | 0.591 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| Cer(d18:1/16:0) | 538.5199 | 11.3614 | 0000790 | 5283564 | 1.953 | 0.004 | 0.750 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| Candicidin | 566.289 | 7.6092 | 0015283 | 10079874 | 1.493 | 0.031 | 0.835 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) | 648.6289 | 13.1778 | 0004953 | 5283568 | 1.468 | 0.035 | 0.871 | ↓∗ | — |
| GlcCer(d14:1/20:0) | 700.5725 | 11.005 | — | 70699223 | 1.257 | 0.043 | 0.883 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| Galbeta-Cer(d18:1/20:0) | 778.6169 | 12.1307 | — | 44260150 | 1.564 | 0.012 | 0.902 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| Cer(d18:1/18:0) | 566.5511 | 11.9439 | 0004950 | 5283565 | 2.03 | 0.004 | 0.929 | ↓∗ | — |
| Sphinganine | 302.3053 | 7.4398 | 0000269 | 91486 | 1.656 | 0.014 | 0.949 | ↓∗ | — |
| LysoPE(16:1(9Z)/0:0) | 452.2772 | 7.6754 | 0011504 | 52925129 | 1.644 | 0.021 | 0.976 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| PE(18:1(9Z)/16:0) | 759.565 | 8.4109 | 0009055 | 9546802 | 2.422 | 0.001 | 0.977 | ↓∗ | — |
| LysoPC(16:1(9Z)/0:0) | 494.3241 | 7.5904 | 0010383 | 24779461 | 1.4 | 0.041 | 0.986 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| PI(20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)/0:0) | 621.303 | 7.8276 | — | 42607497 | 1.679 | 0.023 | 0.986 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| LysoPE(0:0/22:6(4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)) | 548.2745 | 7.6944 | 0011496 | 53480945 | 1.603 | 0.043 | 0.989 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| Oleamide | 563.5505 | 8.9533 | 0002117 | 5283387 | 2.205 | 0.001 | 1.003 | ↑∗ | — |
| Cer(d18:0/22:0) | 665.6552 | 10.5332 | 0011765 | 5283575 | 1.564 | 0.01 | 1.004 | ↑∗ | ↓∗ |
| Desmethylclomipramine | 301.1428 | 13.9123 | 0060947 | 622606 | 1.551 | 0.026 | 1.005 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Phytol | 360.3263 | 13.3117 | 0002019 | 5280435 | 1.649 | 0.017 | 1.007 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| PE(15:0/14:1(9Z)) | 680.4797 | 10.8995 | 0008888 | 52924158 | 1.879 | 0.014 | 1.017 | ↑∗ | ↓∗ |
| Cotinine glucuronide | 416.1429 | 0.768 | 0001013 | 3398121 | 1.78 | 0.025 | 1.024 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| 13Z-Docosenamide | 338.3424 | 9.7988 | — | 5365371 | 1.091 | 0.05 | 1.027 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| PI(18:0/0:0) | 601.3349 | 9.4901 | — | 42607495 | 1.735 | 0.011 | 1.027 | ↑∗ | — |
| L-a-Lysophosphatidylserine | 526.3142 | 9.1446 | — | 28040605 | 1.827 | 0.002 | 1.029 | ↑∗ | — |
| S-Adenosylmethionine | 399.1444 | 0.5786 | 0001185 | 34755 | 1.358 | 0.033 | 1.038 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Rollinecin A | 663.4538 | 11.419 | 0030438 | 177320 | 1.881 | 0.005 | 1.046 | ↑∗ | — |
| Jubanine B | 762.3905 | 6.2048 | 0030206 | 101316795 | 1.692 | 0.011 | 1.052 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Sinapoylspermine | 409.2812 | 6.1949 | 0033479 | 131751433 | 1.891 | 0.005 | 1.052 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Latrepirdine | 352.2404 | 12.5435 | 0240240 | 197033 | 1.828 | 0.002 | 1.059 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Ecgonine methyl ester | 232.1546 | 12.0323 | 0006406 | 104904 | 2.296 | 0.001 | 1.085 | ↑∗ | — |
| Xestoaminol C | 230.248 | 6.1084 | — | 14756407 | 1.128 | 0.044 | 1.087 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Fasciculic acid B | 678.4588 | 7.1307 | 0036438 | 196808 | 1.434 | 0.011 | 1.140 | ↑∗ | ↓∗ |
| ESI- | |||||||||
| Citbismine A | 639.1921 | 3.8775 | 0041086 | 131753020 | 1.875 | 0.007 | 0.840 | ↓∗ | ↑∗ |
| Cer(d18:1/20:0) | 638.5713 | 12.6161 | 0004951 | 5283566 | 2.051 | 0.004 | 0.916 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| Glucosylceramide (d18:1/18:0) | 772.5938 | 11.5561 | 0004972 | 11958364 | 1.543 | 0.009 | 0.929 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| 1-O-Beta-D-glucopyranosyl-2,3-di-O-palmitoylglycerol | 775.5571 | 11.6171 | 0031680 | 10462651 | 1.902 | 0.005 | 0.941 | ↓∗ | — |
| PE(16:1(9Z)/P-16:0) | 672.4954 | 11.2227 | 0008982 | 53479605 | 1.331 | 0.038 | 0.954 | ↓∗ | — |
| PC(18:1(11Z)/18:2(9Z,12Z)) | 771.5158 | 10.4438 | 0010620 | 53480619 | 1.676 | 0.027 | 0.962 | ↓∗ | ↑ |
| PE(15:0/22:0) | 806.5909 | 11.8787 | 0008907 | 52924172 | 1.69 | 0.025 | 0.974 | ↓∗ | — |
| PS(20:1(11Z)/18:0) | 838.5596 | 12.6161 | 0112545 | 52925649 | 2.134 | 0.006 | 0.977 | ↓∗ | — |
| 4-Nitrophenol | 138.02 | 3.6423 | 0001232 | 980 | 1.926 | 0.015 | 1.014 | ↓∗ | ↑∗ |
| PC(18:1(11Z)/20:4(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z)) | 852.5756 | 10.6464 | 0008081 | 53478741 | 1.665 | 0.019 | 1.019 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| PE(18:3(9Z,12Z,15Z)/22:1(13Z)) | 840.5778 | 10.9036 | 0009172 | 53479688 | 1.712 | 0.01 | 1.022 | ↑∗ | |
| GDP | 442.0154 | 0.883 | 0001201 | 135398619 | 1.617 | 0.006 | 1.042 | ↑∗ | — |
| Luteolin 6-C-glucoside 8-C-arabinoside | 655.1563 | 11.4852 | 0029258 | 131750830 | 1.708 | 0.046 | 1.067 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Digoxigenin bisdigitoxoside | 631.3473 | 10.9633 | 0060818 | 92999 | 1.397 | 0.045 | 1.155 | ↑∗ | ↓ |
| Blasticidin S | 459.1466 | 4.0897 | 0030452 | 170012 | 1.823 | 0.016 | 1.221 | ↑∗ | — |
| Cefotaxime | 490.0302 | 4.0897 | 0014636 | 5742673 | 1.656 | 0.043 | 1.715 | ↑∗ | — |
| Deacetylnomilin | 509.1563 | 3.6723 | 0035684 | 90472146 | 1.548 | 0.018 | 0.591 | ↓∗ | — |
Abbreviations: AD: Alzheimer's disease; Rt (min): retention time; VIP: variable importance; FC: fold change. Fold change was calculated as relative intensity obtained from group sham/group AD, and a value less than 1 indicates a decrease in the metabolites of group AD. The levels of potential biomarkers were labeled with “↓” (downregulated) and “↑” (upregulated) (∗p < 0.05). aChange trend compared with the sham group. bChange trend compared with the AD group.