Table 1.
Microbiology and main resistance profile of microorganism causing VAP, VAT and HAP in non-ventilated patients treated in ICU (data from studies published from 2010 to 2019)
| Reference | Type of infection | Microbiology | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ferrer et al. [30] | HAP | S. aureus, 17.7% | P. aeruginosa, 17.7% | E.coli, 6.5% | Enterobacter spp., 4.3% | K. pneumoniae, 3.2% |
| Esperatti et al. [22] | VAP | P. aeruginosa, 24% | S. aureus, 23% | E. coli, 7% | Enterobacter spp., 6% | H. influenzae, 4% |
| Restrepo et al. [31] | VAP | S. aureus, 38.7% | H. influenzae, 23.4% | P. aeruginosa, 14.7% | k. pneumoniae, 11.5% | E. coli, 11.1% |
| MDR, 30% | ||||||
| Quartin et al. [32]* | VAP | S. aureus, 60.3% | P. aeruginosa, 9.4% | Acinetobacter spp., 7.3% | Klebsiella spp., 6.8% | Enterobacter spp., 5.1% |
| Nseir et al. [33] | VAT | P. aeruginosa, 34.4% | S. aureus, 20.5% | A. baumanii, 11.5% | K. oxytoca, 10.6% | Enterobacter spp., 9.8% |
| MDR, 36.8% | ||||||
| Martín-Loeches et al. [21] | VAT | P. aeruginosa, 25% | S. aureus, 23% | Klebsiella spp., 15% | E. coli, 12% | Enterobacter spp., 11% |
| MDR, 61% | ||||||
| VAP | P. aeruginosa, 24% | S. aureus, 24% | Klebsiella spp., 14% | Enterobacter spp., 12% | E. coli, 11% | |
| MDR, 61% | ||||||
| ECDC [18] | VAP | P. aeruginosa, 20.8% | S. aureus, 17.8% | Klebsiella spp., 16.1% | E. coli, 13.3% | Enterobacter spp., 10.3% |
| Koulenti et al. [29] | HAP | Enterobacteriaceae, 32.9% | S. aureus, 24.9% | P. aeruginosa, 17.4% | A. baumanii, 15.4% | |
| ENVIN-HELICS [3] | VAP | P. aeruginosa, 23.8% | S. aureus, 13.5% | Klebsiella spp., 10.3% | E. coli, 9.1% | Enterobacter spp., 8.6% |
|
PIP/TAZ R, 34.1% Carba R, 37.9% Colistin R, 8.6% |
MRSA, 12.7% |
PIP/TAZ R, 50% Carba R, 23.5% 3°G cef R, 37% |
PIP/TAZ R, 21.7% Carba R, 0% 3°G cef R, 12.5% |
|||
| Pulido et al. [34] | VAP | P. aeruginosa, 21.1% | A. baumanii, 17.9% | K. pneumoniae, 15.6% | S. aureus, 13.3% | E. coli, 7.8% |
| Huang et al. [35] | VAP | A. baumanii, 33.9% | K. pneumoniae, 23.6% | P. aeruginosa, 19.8% | S. aureus, 7.1% | S. maltophilia, 3.8% |
| Carba R, 76.4% | Carba R, 44% | Carba R, 59.5% | MRSA, 60% | |||
| Cantón-Bulnes et al. [36] | VAT | P. aeruginosa, 24.5% | H. influenzae, 18.9% | E. coli, 9.4% | S. aureus, 9.4% | K. pneumoniae, 7.5% |
| Ibn Saied et al. [37] | VAP | P. aeruginosa, 33.5% | Enterobacteriaceae, 32.3% | S. aureus, 19% | S. pneumoniae, 4.9% | S. maltophilia, 4.7% |
carba carbapenem, HAP hospital-acquired pneumonia, MDR multidrug resistant, VAP ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAT ventilator-associated tracheobronchitis, PIP/TAZ piperacillin/tazobactam, R resistance, 3°G cef 3° generation cephalosporin
*Trial designed to compare MRSA pneumonia treatment, special effort to include patients with MRSA pneumonia