Table 1.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of ginsenosides Rd, F2, Rg3, and CK in healthy volunteers orally treated with RG or FRG

Ginsenoside	Parameter	RG group (n = 17)			FRG group (n = 18)
		Total (n = 17)	Male (n = 13)	Female (n = 4)	Total (n = 18)	Male (n = 13)	Female (n = 5)
Rd	Cmax (ng/mL)	1.77 ± 2.09	1.53 ± 2.18	2.55 ± 1.81	16.69 ± 6.95	17.52 ± 6.58	14.53 ± 8.18
	AUCt (ng·h/mL)	7.85 ± 11.24	6.93 ± 11.39	10.83 ± 11.78	163.82 ± 77.56	167.83 ± 75.03	153.38 ± 92.12
	AUC∞(ng·h/mL)	8.20 ± 11.95	6.93 ± 11.39	12.30 ± 14.60	187.90 ± 95.87	190.75 ± 101.98	180.48 ± 88.12
	Tmax (h)	15.12 ± 9.35	6.67 ± 4.55	8.33 ± 7.02	10.50 ± 3.88	9.92 ± 3.33	12.00 ± 5.20
F2	Cmax (ng/mL)	0.68 ± 0.32	0.57 ± 0.22	1.03 ± 0.39	2.79 ± 4.29	3.09 ± 5.03	2.01 ± 1.14
	AUCt (ng·h/mL)	4.33 ± 3.25	2.98 ± 2.01	8.70 ± 2.61	27.17 ± 37.25	29.17 ± 43.24	21.98 ± 15.51
	AUC∞(ng·h/mL)	4.54 ± 3.70	3.08 ± 2.24	9.28 ± 3.71	30.24 ± 41.87	32.98 ± 48.59	23.13 ± 16.68
	Tmax (h)	8.76 ± 5.52	6.85 ± 3.18	12.75 ± 4.50	10.83 ± 3.28	10.15 ± 3.58	10.80 ± 2.68
Rg3	Cmax (ng/mL)	4.32 ± 2.81	4.43 ± 3.02	3.97 ± 2.33	4.83 ± 5.92	5.83 ± 6.74	2.25 ± 0.96
	AUCt (ng·h/mL)	35.63 ± 18.69	35.27 ± 20.73	36.80 ± 11.86	27.34 ± 14.11	31.04 ± 14.97	17.71 ± 3.72
	AUC∞(ng·h/mL)	36.40 ± 19.68	36.14 ± 21.88	37.23 ± 12.22	28.68 ± 14.27	32.24 ± 14.97	19.41 ± 6.72
	Tmax (h)	6.00 ± 3.52	5.54 ± 3.84	7.50 ± 1.73	5.39 ± 3.42	5.85 ± 3.85	4.20 ± 1.64
CK	Cmax (ng/mL)	4.57 ± 3.16	3.80 ± 2.98	7.09 ± 2.58	13.93 ± 15.17	9.99 ± 10.94	24.18 ± 20.91
	AUCt (ng·h/mL)	39.04 ± 28.85	30.49 ± 25.60	66.83 ± 21.72	111.54 ± 84.70	94.80 ± 76.77	155.04 ± 97.63
	AUC∞(ng·h/mL)	40.30 ± 29.83	31.31 ± 26.33	69.52 ± 21.98	137.01 ± 96.16	128.10 ± 97.96	160.20 ± 97.89
	Tmax (h)	10.69 ± 2.89	10.50 ± 3.00	11.25 ± 2.87	10.06 ± 5.03	10.92 ± 5.66	7.80 ± 1.64

AUC_∞, the area under curve from zero to infinity; AUC_t, the area under curve from zero to the last time point; CK, compound K; C_max, maximum serum concentration; FRG, fermented red ginseng; RG, red ginseng; T_max, the time taken to reach maximum