Table 3.
Comparative effects of P. ginseng and ginsenosides on platelet and endothelial cells
| Ginseng/ginsenoside | Platelets | Endothelial cells | Ginseng/ginsenoside |
|---|---|---|---|
| Rg3, 2HRg3, Rpl, Rp3, Ro, TS, NSF | ↑ cAMP | ↑ cGMP | Rb1, Rc, Re |
| Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, 2HRg3, Rp1, Rp3, Rp4, gintonin | Inhibit Pl3K/Akt | Activate PI3K/Akt | Rb1, Rc, Re |
| Rg3, 2HRg3, Ro, Rpl, Rp3, Rp4, TS, NSF, gintonin | Inhibit MAPK | Activate MAPK | Rb1, Rc, Re |
| ‒ | ↑ NO in stimulated platelets | ↑ NO via eNOS | Ginseng, Rb1, Rc, Re, Rg3 |
| Rg3, 2HRg3, Rp1, Rp3, Ro, TS, NSF | ↑ VASP phosphorylation | ↑ Vasorelaxation | Ginseng, Rbl, Rc, Re, Rg3 |
| Rbl, Rc, Re | ↑ Antihypertension | ↑ Antihypertension | Ginseng, Rbl, Rc, Re, Rg3 |
| Ginseng, Rg3 | Improved blood flow | Improved blood flow | Ginseng, Rb1, Rc, Re, Rg3, Rf1 |
NO, nitric oxide; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; PI3K/Akt, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase/protein kinase B; eNOS, endothelial nitric oxide synthase; TS, total saponin; NSF, non-saponin fraction; VASP, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein.