Table 1. Study Characteristicsa.
| Authors’ Names | Year | Country | Dose, mg | Pethidine/Control (Number) | Variables | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shivering | Nausea | Vomiting | Hypotension | Pruritus | Apgar > 7 at 1 min | Apgar > 7 at 5 min | |||||
| Shami et al. ( 10 ) | 2016 | Iran | 5 | Pethidine (n = 50) | 11 (22) | 25 (50) | 13 (26) | 33 (66) | 3 (6) | - | - |
| Control (n = 50) | 25 (50) | 19 (38) | 6 (12) | 34 (68) | 0.00 | - | - | ||||
| 10 | Pethidine (n = 50) | 2 (4) | 27 (54) | 13 (26) | 37 (74) | 13 (26) | - | - | |||
| Control (n = 50) | 25 (50) | 19 (38) | 6 (12) | 34 (68) | 0.00 | - | - | ||||
| Farzi et al. ( 11 ) | 2014 | Iran | 25 | Pethidine (n = 65) | - | 18 (27.6) | 6 (9.2) | 41 (63) | 0.00 | 59(90.7) | 65 (100) |
| Control (n = 65) | - | 35 (53.8) | 9 (13.8) | 35 (53.8) | 2 (3) | 62 (95.3) | 65 (100) | ||||
| Rastegarian ( 9 ) | 2013 | Iran | 25 | Pethidine (n = 50) | 4 (8) | 4 (8) | 5 (10) | 7 (14) | 0.00 | 44 (88) | 49 (98) |
| Control (n = 50) | 15 (30) | 0.00 | 0.00 | 6 (12) | 0.00 | 45 (90) | 49 (98) | ||||
| Atalay et al. ( 24 ) | 2010 | Turkey | 35 | Pethidine (n = 20) | 0.00 | 10 (50% | 5(25) | 11 (55) | 9 (45) | 17 (85) | 19 (95) |
| Control (n = 20) | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | 5(25) | 13 (65) | 0.00 | 18 (90) | 20 (100) | ||||
| 30 | Pethidine (n = 20) | 0.00 | 6 (30) | 3 (15) | 6 (30) | 7 (35) | 18 (90) | 20 (100) | |||
| Control (n = 20) | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | 5(25) | 13 (65) | 0.00 | 19 (95) | 20 (100) | ||||
| 25 | Pethidine (n = 20) | 0.00 | 4 (20) | 1 (5) | 4 (20) | 2 (10) | 17 (85) | 19 (95) | |||
| Control (n = 20) | 10 (50) | 10 (50) | 5 (25) | 13 (65) | 0.00 | 18 (90) | 19 (95) | ||||
| Yu et al. ( 21 ) | 2002 | China | 10 | Pethidine (n = 20) | 3 (15) | 11(55) | 11 (55) | 14 (70) | 5 (25) | - | - |
| Control (n = 20) | 8 (40) | 3 (15) | 3 (15) | 11 (55) | 0.00 | - | - | ||||
| Kouzegaran et al. ( 25 ) | 2018 | Iran | 5 | Pethidine (n = 20) | - | 16 (80) | 16 (80) | - | 3 (15) | - | - |
| Control (n = 20) | - | 16 (80) | 16 (80) | - | 0.00 | - | - | ||||
| Kusumasari et al. (( 26 ) | 2013 | Indonesia | 10 | Pethidine (n = 98) | 35 (35.7) | 8 (8.1) | 8 (8.1) | 38 (38.7) | 0.00 | - | - |
| Control | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
| 20 | Pethidine (n = 98) | 22 (22.4) | 22 (22.4) | 22 (22.4) | 48 (48.9) | 0.00 | - | - | |||
| Control | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | ||||
| Hirmanpour et al. ( 27 ) | 2017 | Iran | 25 | Pethidine (n = 40) | 2 (5) | 28 (70) | 26 (65) | 13 (32.5) | 14 (35) | 36 (90) | 40 (100) |
| Control (n = 40) | 26 (65) | 22 (55) | 21 (52.5) | 9 (22.5) | 1 (2.5) | 37 (92.5) | 40 (100) | ||||
| Zebetian et al. ( 28 ) | 2013 | Iran | 10 | Pethidine (n = 35) | 5 (14.2) | - | - | 14 (40) | 0.00 | 29 (82.8) | 35 (100) |
| Control (n = 35) | 33 (94.2) | - | - | 16 (45.7) | 0.00 | 29 (82.8) | 35 (100) | ||||
| Mahmoud et al. ( 29 ) | 2016 | Egypt | 10 | Pethidine (n = 30) | 8 (26.6) | 7 (23.3) | 7 (23.3) | - | 2 (6.6) | 24 (80) | 30 (100) |
| Control (n = 30) | 20 (66.6) | 3 (10) | 3 (10) | - | 0.00 | 25 (83.3) | 29 (96.6) | ||||
| Nasseri et al. ( 30 ) | 2017 | Iran | 10 | Pethidine (n = 30) | 2 (6.6) | 12 (40) | 6 (20) | 20 (66.6) | 1 (3.3) | - | - |
| Control (n = 30) | 18 (60) | 10 (33.3) | 5 (16.6) | 21 (70) | 0.00 | - | - | ||||
| Kafle ( 31 ) | 1993 | Nepal | 10 | Pethidine (n = 25) | - | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | 8 (32) | 8 (32) | 19 (76) | 25 (100) |
| Control (n = 25) | 2 (8) | 2 (8) | 15 (60) | 0.00 | 19 (76) | 25 (100) | |||||
| Hong and Lee ( 32 ) | 2005 | South Korea | 10 | Pethidine (n = 30) | 1 (3.3) | 13 (43.3) | 10 (33.3) | - | 3 (10) | 24 (80) | 30 (100) |
| Control (n = 30) | 7 (23.3) | 11 (36.6) | 8 (26.6) | - | 0.00 | 27 (90) | 30 (100) | ||||
| Anaraki and Mirzaei ( 8 ) | 2012 | Iran | 15 | Pethidine (n = 39) | 15 (38.4) | 9 (23) | 9 (23) | 15 (38.4) | 4 (10) | 33 (84.6) | 39 (100) |
| Control (n = 39) | 19 (48.7) | 4 (10) | 0.00 | 13 (33.3) | 0.00 | 32 (82) | 39 (100) | ||||
| 25 | Pethidine (n = 39) | 11 (28.2) | 12 (30.7) | 17 (43.5) | 18 (46.1) | 15 (38.4) | 33 (84.6) | 38 (97.4) | |||
| Control (n = 39) | 19 (48.7) | 4 (10) | 0.00 | 13 (33.3) | 0.00 | 34 (87.1) | 39 (100) | ||||
| 30 | Pethidine (n = 39) | 6 (15.3) | 17 (43.5) | 19 (48.7) | 24 (61.5) | 19 (48.7) | 34 (87.1) | 38 (97.4) | |||
| Control (n = 39) | 19 (48.7) | 4 (10) | 0.00 | 13 (33.3) | 0.00 | 34 (87.1) | 39 (100) | ||||
| Khan et al. ( 33 ) | 2011 | Iran | 10 | Pethidine (n = 24) | 9 (37.5) | 10 (41.6) | 7 (29.1) | - | 3 (12.5) | 17 (70.8) | 22 (91.6) |
| Control (n = 24) | 18 (75) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (12.5) | - | 0.00 | 18 (75) | 23 (95.8) | ||||
| 25 | Pethidine (n = 24) | 2 (8.3) | 15 (62.5) | 13 (54.1) | - | 3 (12.5) | 18 (75) | 22 (91.6) | |||
| Control (n = 24) | 18 (75) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (12.5) | - | 0.00 | 18 (75) | 23 (95.8) | ||||
| Shrestha et al. ( 23 ) | 2007 | Nepal | 10 | Pethidine (n = 30) | 12 (40) | 15 (50) | 11 (36.6) | - | 7 (23.3) | - | - |
| Control (n = 30) | 23 (76.6) | 8 (26.6) | 3 (10) | - | 0.00 | - | - | ||||
| Roy et al. ( 34 ) | 2004 | Canada | 15 | Pethidine (n = 20) | 4 (20) | 12 (60) | 9 (45) | - | 10 (50) | - | - |
| Control (n = 20) | 15 (75) | 7 (35) | 2 (10) | - | 0.00 | - | - | ||||
| Mohamed et al. ( 35 ) | 2018 | Egypt | 25 | Pethidine (n = 25) | 6 (24) | 16 (64) | 13 (52) | - | 17 (68) | - | - |
| Control (n = 25) | 22 (88) | 8 (32) | 6 (24) | - | 1 (4) | - | - | ||||
aValues are expressed as No. (%).