Table 3.
Breastfeeding and neonatal outcomes
| Centre/hospital (study numbers; Appendix S1) | Breastfed | Formula fed | Not reported | Expressed breast milk | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | Infected | Not infected | No test | Died | Total | Infected | Not infected | No test | Died | Total | Infected | Not infected | No test | Died | Total | Infected | Not infected | No test | Died | |
| China | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (1) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 9 | 0 | 6 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Wuhan Children's Hospital (8) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Maternal and Child Hospital of Hubei Province (30) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 3 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Central Hospital of Wuhan (73) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College (2a and 6) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College (15) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 1 | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University (3) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 13 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University (36 and 37) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Affiliated Infectious Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou (19) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Beijing YouAn Hospital (34) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| No. 2 People's Hospital of Hefei City Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (62) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| USA | ||||||||||||||||||||
| New York Presbyterian Hospital Columbia (27) | 17 | 0 | 17 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| MedStar Washington Hospital Center (21) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Good Samaritan Hospital in Cincinnatti, Ohio (50) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (65) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri (69) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| New York Winthrop Hospital (91) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| New York University, Langone Health (85) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| San Francisco (89) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Livingstone, New Jersey (111) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Stanford University Hospital (115) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Weill Cornell Medicine, New York (118) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Michigan (123) | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Maimonides Medical Center, Brooklyn (113) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 68 | 0 | 48 | 20 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Honduras | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hospital Escuela of Tegucigalpa (18) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sweden | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Southern General Hospital, Stockholm (20) | 2 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Korea | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Daegu Fatimal Hospital (22) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Turkey | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Ankara University (31) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Italy | ||||||||||||||||||||
| IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli (76) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Sant'Anna Hospital, Turin (79) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Palma (109) | 4 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Italian hospitals (117) | 56 | 4 | 52 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Portugal | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Hospital Pedro Hispano in Porto (105) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Australia | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Gold Coast University Hospital (45) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Canada | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Mount Sinai Hospital (48A) | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Toronto (103) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| France | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Antoine Béclère hospital (48B) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Spain | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Madrid (125) | 0 | 23 | 0 | 0 | ||||||||||||||||
| Lima, Peru | ||||||||||||||||||||
| British American Hospital (51) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| India | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Designated COVID hospital (58) | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Iran | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Tehran/Rasht/Qom/Zanjan (67) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 1 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Imam Khomeini Hospital, Sari (70) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Imam Reza Hospital of Tabriz (101) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UK | ||||||||||||||||||||
| UKOSS (92) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 265 | 12 | 253 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Belgium | ||||||||||||||||||||
| Cliniques Universitaires Saint Luc (100) | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Netherlands | ||||||||||||||||||||
| NethOSS (141) | 33 | 0 | 33 | 0 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Total | 148 | 7 | 139 | 2 | 0 | 56 | 3 | 39 | 14 | 2 | 460 | 17 | 396 | 28 | 2 | 5 | 1 | 4 | 0 | 0 |
Study 43 excluded from table as no live neonates were included. In all, six babies from Study 67 in the table. Nine women and 11 babies included: six women underwent caesarean birth and delivered seven babies of whom 6/7 were born alive but 2/6 later died; of the six born alive, one tested positive for COVID‐19. One woman had a vaginal birth of a stillborn baby. Two women died before delivery. There were therefore four stillbirths and two neonatal deaths. For the purposes of this table, six babies are included.