TABLE 1.
Summary of clinical cohort data on cytokines and aberrant leukocyte changes in mild-to-severe stages of COVID-19 infection
| Leukocytes | Cytokines | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hospital | Cases | Changes with Infection (n = cases whose leukocyte or cytokines changed/total cases) | Severe cases vs mild cases,P < 0.05 | Changes with Infection (n = cases whose leukocyte or cytokines changed/total cases) | Severe cases vs mild cases, P < 0.05 | References |
| Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University |
N = 82 (Deaths) |
Increase: Neutrophil count (55/74, but 74/74 in the last 24h); Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR; 69/73) Decrease: Lymphocyte count (66/74, but 74/74 in the last 24h); CD8+ T cell count (34/58); NK cell count (87/58) |
No comparison | Increase: IL-6 (11/11) | No comparison | 11 |
| Jin Yintan Hospital |
N = 41 (28 Non-ICU cases and 13 ICU cases) |
Decrease: Lymphocyte count (26/41) |
Increase: Neutrophil count Decrease: WBC count; Lymphocyte count |
Increase:IL-1B, IL-1RA, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL-10, G-CSF, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1A, MIP-1B, and TNF |
Increase: IL-2, IL-7, IL-10, G-CSF, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1A, and TNF |
14 |
| Xi’an No.8 Hospital and the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University | N = 28 |
Increase: Monocytes with CD11b+, CD14+, CD16+, CD68+, CD80+, CD163+, CD206+ (FSC-high monocytes) was consistent with inflammatory phenotype |
No comparison |
Increase: IL-6, IL-10, TNF (generated by FSC-high monocytes) |
Increase: IL-6, IL-10, TNF (generated by FSC-high monocytes) |
41 |
|
Tongji hospital |
N = 452 (286 severe and 166 nonsevere cases) |
Increase: B cells; Decrease: Lymphocytes; NK cells (N = 44); Th cells (N = 44); Ts cells (N = 44); Treg cells (mainly naïve Treg) (N = 44) |
Increase: Leukocyte count; neutrophils; NLR; Decrease: Lymphocytes; Monocytes, Eosinophils, NK cells; Basophils; Th cells; Treg cells |
Increase: TNF-α; IL-2R; IL-6 |
Increase: IL-6, IL-2R, TNF, IL-8, IL-10 |
68 |
| Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital |
N = 56 (31 mild and 25 severe cases) |
Increase: Neutrophils; NLR; Treg cells Decrease: Lymphocytes; CD45+ lymphocytes; CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells; B cells; NK cells |
Increase: Neutrophils; WBC; Decrease: Lymphocyte counts |
Increase: IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF, IFN-γ |
Increase: IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF |
86 |
| Wuhan Tongji hospital |
N = 21 (11 severe cases and 10 moderate cases) |
Increase: Total B lymphocytes (7/14) Decrease: Lymphocyte count (9/21); total T lymphocytes count (13/14); CD4+ T cells count (14/14); CD8+ T cells count (12/14); NK cells (8/14) |
Increase: WBC count; Neutrophil count Decrease: Lymphocyte count; total T lymphocytes; total T lymphocytes count; total B lymphocytes; CD4+T cells count; CD8 +T cells count |
Increase: IL-6 (13/16); IL-2R (9/16), TNF (11/16), and IL-10 (9/16) |
Increase: IL-6; IL-2R; IL-10; TNF |
74 |
| Chongqing Three Gorges Central Hospital |
N = 123 (102 mild and 21 severe cases) |
Decrease: CD4+ T cells (74/123); CD8+ T cells (42/123); B cells (32/123); NK cells (45/123) |
Decrease: CD4+ (54/102 in mild cases, while 20/21 in severe cases) and CD8+ T cells (29/102 in mild cases, while 13/21 in severe cases) |
Increase: IL-6 (47/123); IFN-γ (6/123) |
Increase: IL-6, IL-10 |
76 |
| The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University |
N = 11 (Patients with ARDS) |
Increase: WBC count, Neutrophils; Tregs (2/11) Decrease: Lymphocyte count (11/11); NK cells (11/11); CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes (11/11); B lymphocytes (3/11) |
No comparison |
Increase: IL-6 (11/11), IL-10 (5/11), IL-4 (3/11) and IFN-γ (2/11) |
No comparison | 77 |
| Wuhan Union Hospital |
N = 40 (13 severe and 27 mild cases) |
Decrease: Lymphocytes |
Increase: WBC; Neutrophils Decrease: Lymphocyte; CD3+ T cells; CD8+ T cells |
Increase: IL-6 |
Increase: IL-6 (0–16 d); IL-10 (0–13 d); IL-2 and IFN-γ (4–6 d) |
78 |
|
Yunnan Provincial Hospital of Infectious Diseases |
N = 16 (10 mild and 6 severe cases) |
Decrease: T cells |
Increase: HLA-DR+TIGIT+CD8+ T cells increased Decrease: Granulocytes; Multifunction CD4+ T cells |
Increase: IL-6, TNF-α Decrease: IFN-γ and IL-2 (from CD4+ T cells) |
Decrease: IFN-γ (from CD4+ T cells) |
81 |
|
General hospital of central theatre command and Hanyang Hospital |
N = 262 (151 mild cases, 40 severe cases, 13 critical cases, 8 perished cases and 40 healthy control) |
Increase: PD1+ CD4+ T cells; PD1+ CD8+ T cells Decrease: Total T cells (166/222); CD4+ T cells (166/222); CD8+ T cells (156/222) |
Increase: PD1+ CD4+ T cells; PD1+ CD8+ T cells; CD8+ T cell (high expression of PD-1 and Tim-3) Decrease: Total T cells; CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells |
Increase: TNF, IL-10, IL-6, and IFN-γ |
Increase: TNF, IL-10, and IL-6 |
83 |
| Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital |
N = 53 (34 severe cases and 19 mild cases) |
Decrease: CD4 and CD8 counts |
Increase: Neutrophil Decrease: CD4 and CD8 counts |
Increase: IL-6, IL-2Ra, IFN-γ, IL-18, IL-10, IL-1ra, HGF, MIG, M-CSF, G-CSF, MIG-1a, CTACK, and IP-10 |
Increase: IL-1ra, IP-10, and MIG |
93 |
| Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College |
N = 80 (69 severe and 11 nonsevere cases) |
Decrease: Lymphocytes (60/80) |
Increase: Neutrophils and NK cells Decrease: Lymphocytes |
Increase: IL-6, IL-10 |
Increase: IL-6 |
95 |
| Fifth Hospital of Wuhan |
N = 36 (Nonsurvivors) |
Increase: Leukocytes (11/36); Neutrophils (17/36) Decrease: Lymphocytes (25/36) |
No comparison |
Increase: IL-6 (11/36) |
No comparison | 102 |
| From 552 hospitals |
N = 1099 (173 severe and 926 nonsevere cases) |
Decrease: Leukocyte count (731/890); Lymphocyte count (330/978) |
Decrease: Leukocyte count (106/173 in severe cases and 228/811 of mild cases); Lymphocyte count |
No test | No test | 162 |
| (147/154 in severe cases and 584/736 in mild cases) | ||||||
| The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology |
N = 43 (10 healthy control, 21 No-ICU cases, and 12 ICU cases) |
Increase: Tim+PD-1+ CD4+ T cells; Tim+PD-1+ CD8+ T cells; GM-CSF CD4+ T cells; IL-6+CD4+ T cells; CD14+CD16+ monocytes; GM-CSF+CD14+ monocytes Decrease: T cells number; Monocytes; CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells |
Increase: Tim+PD-1+ CD4+ T cells; IFN-γ+GM-CSF+CD4+ T cells; GM-CSF CD4+ T cells; IL-6+CD4+ T cells; D14+CD16+ monocytes; GM-CSF+CD14+ monocytes IL-6+CD14+ monocytes Decrease: CD8+ T cells |
Increase: IL-6; IFN-γ | Increase: IL-6; IFN-γ | 39 |
|
Tongji hospital affiliated to Hua Zhong University of Science and Technology |
N = 29 (15 mild cases, 9 severe cases, and 5 critical cases) |
Decrease: Lymphocyte count (20/29) |
No significant difference |
Increase: IL-2R; IL-6; IL-8; IL-10; TNF |
Increase: IL-2R; IL-6 |
163 |
| Tongji Hospital |
N = 100 (34 mild cases, 34 severe cases and 32 critical cases) |
Decrease: Eosinophils |
Increase: Neutrophils Decrease: Eosinophils; lymphocytes |
Increase: IL-6, IL-2R, IL-8, IL-10, TNF, and IL-1β |
Increase: IL-6, IL-2R, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF |
164 |
| Union hospital in Wuhan |
N = 69 (the SpO2 ≥ 90% group (n = 55) and the SpO2 < 90% group [n = 14]) |
Increase: Neutrophils (41/67) Decrease: WBC count (36/67); Lymphocyte count (29/69); Eosinophil count (49/69) |
Increase: Neutrophil count; WBC count Decrease: Lymphocytes count |
Increase: IL-6 (11/43); IL-10 (16/43) |
Increase: IL-6, IL-10 |
165 |
|
Three designed-hospitals in Chongqing municipality |
N = 267 (217 Nonsevere cases and 50 severe cases) |
Decrease: Blood leukocyte count (118/267); Lymphocyte count (231/267); CD3 T cells (51/96); CD4 T cells (74/96) |
Increase: Neutrophils count Decrease: Blood leukocyte count (87/217 in nonsevere cases, 31/50 in severe cases); CD3 T cells (20/51 in nonsevere cases, 31/45 in severe cases); CD4 T cells (29/51 in nonsevere cases, 45/45 in severe cases) |
Increase: IL-6 (47/67); IL-17A (35/67); TNF (22/67); IL-10 (12/67); IFN-γ (11/67); IL-2 (5/67); IL-4 (4/67) |
Increase: IL-6; TNF; IL-17A |
166 |
| Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University |
N = 138 (36 ICU patients and 102 non-ICU patients) |
Decrease: Lymphocyte count |
Increase: WBC; Neutrophils (continued in 5 cases); Decrease: Lymphocyte count (continued in 5 cases) |
No test | No test | 167 |
| General Hospital of Central Theater Command |
N = 48 (21 mild cases, 10 severe cases, and 17 critical cases) |
Decrease: Lymphocytes |
Increase: WBC; neutrophil; Decrease: Lymphocytes |
Increase: IL-6 |
Increase: IL-6 |
96 |
| Wuhan Children’s Hospital |
N = 8 (severe or critical pediatric patients) |
Decrease: CD16+CD56+ lymphocytes (5/8); CD3+ lymphocytes (2/8), CD4+ lymphocytes (4/8) and CD8+ (1/8); One patient co-infected with influenza A virus showed significant decrease of leukocytes, neutrophils, and lymphocytes, while other patients did not show significant change |
No comparison |
Increase: IL-6 (2/8); IFN-γ (2/8); IL-10 (5/8) |
No comparison | 168 |
| Beijing Youan Hospital |
N = 11 (5 mild cases and 6 severe cases) |
Increase: Leukocytes; neutrophils Decrease: Lymphocytes |
Increase: Neutrophils |
Increase: IL-2; IL-4; IL-6; IL-10; IL-17; TNF; IFN-γ |
Increase: IL-10 |
169 |
|
Second People’s Hospital of Fuyang City |
N = 155 (30 severe cases and 125 moderate cases) |
Decrease: CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells |
Decrease: CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells |
Increase: IL-6 |
Increase: IL-6 |
170 |
| Central Theater General Hospital |
N = 13 (Death) |
Decrease: CD3+ T cells;CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells; (decreased more substantially during the disease course) |
No comparison |
Increase: IL-6; (Gradually increased and peaked before death) |
No comparison | 37 |
| Hubei Provincial Hospital of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine |
N = 110 (57 moderate cases, 39 severe cases and 14 critical cases) |
Decrease: CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells |
Decrease: CD4+ T cells; CD8+ T cells |
Increase: IL-6; IL-10; IL-8 |
Increase: IL-6; IL-10 |
171 |
| Sino-French New City Branch of Tongji Hospital |
N = 548 (279 nonsevere cases and 269 severe cases) |
Increase: WBC (63/542); Neutrophils (118/542) Decrease: Lymphocytes (118/542) |
Increase: WBC (8/275 in nonsevere cases and 55/267 in severe cases); Neutrophils (22/275 in nonsevere cases and 96/267 in severe cases) Decrease: Lymphocytes (234/275 in nonsevere cases and 255/267 in severe cases) |
Increase: IL-1β (51/306); IL-2R (164/309); IL-6 (221/312); IL-10 (93/307); IL-8 (24/309); TNF (182/309) |
Increase: IL-2R (73/171 in nonsevere cases and 91/138 in severe cases); IL-6 (107/175 in nonsevere cases and 114/137 in severe cases); IL-10 (34/170 in nonsevere cases and 49/170 in severe cases); TNF (89/171 in nonsevere cases and 93/138 in severe cases) |
172 |
Abbrevations: COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CTACK, cutaneous T cell-attracting chemokine; HFG, hepatocyte growth factor; ICU, intensive care unit; IP-10, IFN-induced protein 10; M-CSF, macrophage CSF; MIG, monokine induced by gamma IFN; MIP-1A, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha; NK, natural killer; Treg, regulatory T cells; SpO2: blood oxygen saturation; and WBC, white blood cells.
Note: In column 3, N is the number of cases with available data. In addition, in columns 3 and 5, “n” is the number of cases in which leukocyte or cytokines changed overall, according to the corresponding report.