Table 4.
Multivariable Regression Model Effects for Loneliness Score (20-80).a
| Covariates | β Coefficient | Standardized β Coefficient | P |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age 65+ | –1.55 | –0.05 | <0.01 |
| Male | 0.30 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
| Geographic region (referent: Northeast) | |||
| Midwest | 0.10 | 0.00 | 0.59 |
| South | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.65 |
| West | –0.17 | –0.01 | 0.38 |
| Urban (>1 million people) | −0.31 | −0.01 | 0.01 |
| Family size (continuous, 1-7) | –0.22 | –0.02 | 0.10 |
| Couple (married, living with partner) | –0.73 | –0.03 | <0.01 |
| Parent | 0.48 | 0.02 | 0.08 |
| Veteran | –0.12 | –0.00 | 0.59 |
| College education | 0.27 | 0.01 | 0.04 |
| Income 75 000+ | –0.19 | –0.01 | 0.20 |
| Property ownership | –0.26 | –0.01 | 0.08 |
| Self-report as white and non-Hispanic | –0.42 | –0.02 | 0.01 |
| Social media | |||
| Daily use of Facebook | –0.41 | –0.02 | <0.01 |
| Daily use of Twitter | 0.84 | 0.03 | <0.01 |
| Daily use of Snapchat | 0.23 | 0.01 | 0.27 |
| Daily use of Instagram | 0.37 | 0.01 | 0.05 |
| Worry about social media replacing time that could be spent with others | 1.33 | 0.05 | <0.01 |
| Get right amount of family time or not (dichotomous) | –0.53 | –0.02 | <0.01 |
| Get right amount of “me” time or not (dichotomous) | –0.58 | –0.03 | <0.01 |
| Get right amount of time to socialize or not(dichotomous) | –0.69 | –0.03 | <0.01 |
| Get right amount of sleep or not(dichotomous) | –0.73 | –0.03 | <0.01 |
| Good (excellent, very good, good) physical health(dichotomous) | 0.28 | 0.01 | 0.10 |
| Get right amount of exercise or not(dichotomous) | 0.17 | 0.01 | 0.21 |
| Get right amount of work or not (dichotomous) | –0.27 | –0.01 | 0.04 |
| Good (excellent, very good, good) financial situation(dichotomous) | –0.32 | –0.01 | 0.03 |
| Overall good health (excellent, very good, good health) or not(dichotomous) | –1.37 | –0.05 | <0.01 |
| Get right amount of in-person social interactions or not(dichotomous) | –1.46 | –0.06 | <0.01 |
| Good (excellent, very good, good) family life(dichotomous) | –1.94 | –0.07 | <0.01 |
| Good (excellent, very good, good) romantic relationships(dichotomous) | –2.06 | –0.09 | <0.01 |
| I am content with friendships and relationships | –2.20 | –0.08 | <0.01 |
| Good (excellent, very good, good) mental health (dichotomous) | –2.24 | –0.08 | <0.01 |
| Good (excellent, very good, good) social life(dichotomous) | –2.94 | –0.12 | <0.01 |
| Difficulty approaching others | 4.60 | 0.20 | <0.01 |
| I make a good impression on others | –2.99 | –0.09 | <0.01 |
| Meaningful daily interactions | –3.23 | –0.14 | <0.01 |
| Good social support | –4.74 | –0.19 | <0.01 |
aFinal model adjusted R 2 = 0.60. Bold font used to indicate statistical significance at α = 0.01.