Table 2.
Correlates of HPV vaccine initiation among participants ages 18–26 (n=204)
| n | Initiated HPV vaccine series n (%) | Not Initiated HPV vaccine series n (%) | Bivariate RR (95% CI) | Multivariable RR (95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic Characteristics | |||||
| Age (years) | |||||
| 18–21 | 88 | 52 (59) | 36 (41) | ref. | -- |
| 22–26 | 116 | 81 (70) | 35 (30) | 1.18 (0.96–1.46) | -- |
| Sexual identity | |||||
| Lesbian/gay | 35 | 18 (51) | 17 (49) | ref. | -- |
| Bisexual/other | 169 | 115 (68) | 54 (32) | 1.32 (0.94–1.86) | -- |
| Race / ethnicity | |||||
| White, non-Hispanic | 97 | 66 (68) | 31 (32) | ref. | -- |
| African American, non-Hispanic | 33 | 22 (67) | 11 (33) | 0.98 (0.74–1.29) | -- |
| Other | 74 | 45 (61) | 29 (39) | 0.89 (0.71–1.12) | -- |
| Relationship status | |||||
| Single | 92 | 56 (61) | 36 (39) | ref. | -- |
| Dating | 47 | 33 (70) | 14 (30) | 1.15 (0.90–1.48) | -- |
| Partner | 65 | 44 (68) | 21 (32) | 1.11 (0.88–1.41) | -- |
| Education level | |||||
| High school degree or less | 75 | 41 (55) | 34 (45) | ref. | ref. |
| Some college | 81 | 58 (72) | 23 (28) | 1.31 (1.02–1.68)* | 1.15 (0.95–1.38) |
| College degree or more | 48 | 34 (71) | 14 (29) | 1.30 (0.98–1.71) | 1.05 (0.85–1.30) |
| Household income | |||||
| Less than $50,000 | 116 | 72 (62) | 44 (38) | ref. | -- |
| $50,000 or more | 88 | 61 (69) | 27 (31) | 1.12 (0.91–1.36) | -- |
| Region of residence | |||||
| Northeast | 58 | 39 (67) | 19 (33) | ref. | -- |
| Midwest | 43 | 30 (70) | 13 (30) | 1.04 (0.79–1.36) | -- |
| South | 73 | 42 (58) | 31 (42) | 0.86 (0.65–1.12) | -- |
| West | 30 | 22 (73) | 8 (27) | 1.09 (0.82–1.45) | -- |
| HPV and HPV Vaccine | |||||
| Knowledge about HPVa | |||||
| Low knowledge | 83 | 47 (57) | 36 (43) | ref. | ref. |
| High knowledge | 121 | 86 (71) | 35 (29) | 1.26 (1.01–1.56)* | 0.99 (0.83–1.18) |
| History of HPV-related disease | |||||
| No | 184 | 118 (64) | 66 (36) | ref. | -- |
| Yes | 20 | 15 (75) | 5 (25) | 1.16 (0.89–1.54) | -- |
| Knows HPV vaccine is recommended for people ages 11–26 | |||||
| No | 47 | 22 (47) | 25 (53) | ref. | ref. |
| Yes | 157 | 111 (71) | 46 (29) | 1.51 (1.09–2.08)* | 1.14 (0.89–1.46) |
| Received healthcare provider recommendation to get HPV vaccine | |||||
| No | 89 | 30 (34) | 59 (66) | ref. | ref. |
| Yes | 115 | 103 (90) | 12 (10) | 2.66 (1.97–3.58)** | 2.19 (1.64–2.93)** |
| Stigma of getting HPV infectionb,c | 204 | 4.06 (0.08) | 4.14 (0.09) | 0.96 (0.87–1.07) | -- |
| Worry about getting HPV-related diseaseb,d | 204 | 2.14 (0.08) | 2.15 (0.13) | 1.00 (0.89–1.11) | -- |
| Perceived likelihood of getting HPV-related diseaseb,e | 204 | 2.12 (0.05) | 2.25 (0.07) | 0.88 (0.74–1.04) | -- |
| Perceived lower risk of cervical cancer compared to heterosexual womenb,f | 204 | 2.88 (0.09) | 2.72 (0.09) | 1.06 (0.97–1.17) | -- |
| Perceived effectiveness of HPV vaccineb,g | 204 | 3.71 (0.07) | 3.46 (0.09) | 1.15 (1.01–1.30)* | 1.05 (0.95–1.17) |
| Perceived harms of HPV vaccineb,f | 204 | 2.92 (0.09) | 2.90 (0.10) | 1.01 (0.92–1.11) | -- |
| Perceived unavailability of HPV vaccineb,f | 204 | 2.39 (0.11) | 2.82 (0.12) | 0.88 (0.81–0.97)* | 0.93 (0.86–0.99)* |
| Uncertainty about whether women their age should get HPV vaccineb,f | 204 | 2.67 (0.11) | 2.72 (0.11) | 0.99 (0.91–1.07) | -- |
| Perceived social norms of HPV vaccination among sexual minority womenb,f | 204 | 3.69 (0.08) | 3.23 (0.08) | 1.24 (1.11–1.37)** | 1.04 (0.95–1.15) |
| Perceived social support for HPV vaccinationb,f | 204 | 4.26 (0.07) | 3.80 (0.10) | 1.27 (1.11–1.46)* | 1.00 (0.89–1.12) |
| Self-efficacy to talk with a doctor about HPV vaccineb,f | 204 | 4.25 (0.08) | 3.68 (0.11) | 1.29 (1.12–1.50)* | 1.13 (1.01–1.28)* |
| Health and Health Behaviors | |||||
| Health insurance | |||||
| No | 24 | 9 (38) | 15 (63) | ref. | ref. |
| Yes | 173 | 122 (71) | 51 (29) | 1.88 (1.11–3.18)* | 1.50 (1.01–2.24)* |
| Had a routine medical check-up in the last year | |||||
| No | 114 | 78 (68) | 36 (32) | ref. | -- |
| Yes | 90 | 55 (61) | 35 (39) | 0.89 (0.73–1.10) | -- |
| Sex with a woman in the last 3 years | |||||
| No | 79 | 46 (58) | 33 (42) | ref. | -- |
| Yes | 125 | 87 (70) | 38 (30) | 1.20 (0.96–1.49) | -- |
| Disclosure of sexual orientation to primary healthcare provider | |||||
| Provider definitely does not know | 74 | 34 (46) | 40 (54) | ref. | ref. |
| Provider might/probably/definitely knows | 130 | 99 (76) | 31 (24) | 1.66 (1.27–2.16)** | 1.33 (1.07–1.65)* |
| Concealment of sexual orientation from primary healthcare provider | |||||
| Never | 72 | 49 (68) | 23 (32) | ref. | -- |
| At least some of the time | 132 | 84 (64) | 48 (36) | 0.94 (0.76–1.15) | -- |
| Perceived discrimination in receiving healthcareb,f | 204 | 2.47 (0.12) | 2.49 (0.13) | 0.99 (0.92–1.07) | -- |
Note. Multivariable model included all variables associated at p<0.05 in univariable models. Dashes (--) indicate that variable was not included in the multivariable model. RR=risk ratio; CI=confidence interval; HPV=human papillomavirus; ref=reference group.
Measured by determining number of correct responses to five HPV knowledge items. High knowledge was defined as four or more correct responses and low knowledge was defined as three or fewer correct responses.
Means and standard deviations are reported for continuous variables. ORs for these variables are for a 1-unit increase.
3 item scale; each item had a 5-point response scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” (coded 1–5).
2 item scale; each item had a 4-point response scale ranging from “not at all” to “a lot” (coded 1–4).
2 item scale; each item had a 4-point response scale ranging from “no chance” to “high chance” (coded 1–4).
1 item; 5-point response scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” (coded 1–5).
2 item scale; each item had a 5-point response scale ranging from “strongly disagree” to “strongly agree” (coded 1–5).
p<0.05;
p<0.001