Table 2:
Characteristics of studies included in the systematic review (listed by author’s last name and publication year)
| Author (Year) | Location of Lab or Recruitment Area | Sample Size for Validity and Reliability Studies* | % Female | Mean Age (SD), Range | Mean body mass index (SD), range in kilograms/ meters squared | Data Collection Period | Inclusion Criteria | Features Tested | Number Garmin Features Tested | Number Devices Tested** |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alsubheen (2016) | Newfoundland, Canada | 13 (V) | 38 | 40 (11.9) | 27.0 (3.4) | 2015 | Apparently healthy adult using PARQ as a screener | EE, S | 2 | 1 |
| Ammann (2016) | Switzerland | 3 (V) | 0 | 25.5 (1.3) | not reported | not reported | Recreational runners, practicing endurance sports more than 300 minutes/week with differing heights | E | 1 | 3 |
| An (2017) | Omaha, Nebraska, USA | 35 (V) | 51 | 31.0 (11.8), 19–65 | 23.8 (3.1) | not reported | Apparently healthy, completed PARQ, able to walk/run safely on treadmill and around an indoor track, does not use a walking aid, not pregnant, does not have an implanted electromagnetic device | S | 1 | 10 |
| Boudreaux (2018) | Hammond, Louisiana, USA | 50 (V) | 56 | Females 22.7 (3.0), Males 22.0 (2.7), All 18–35 | Females 25.8 (4.8), Males 27.1 (3.6) | October 2015 to June 2016 | No cardiovascular disease or musculoskeletal injury within the past 6 months | EE, HR | 2 | 8 |
| Brooke (2017) | Omaha, Nebraska, USA | 95 (V) | 64 | 28.5 (9.9), 19–60 | 25.7 (3.4), 17–34.3 | not reported | Able to perform activites of daily living without limitations, completed PARQ, does not require walking aids or have walking impairments | EE, SL | 2 | 8 |
| Chen (2016) | Kaohsiung City, Taiwan | 30 (V and R) | 50 | 21.5 (2.0) | 21.5 (1.9) | February 2015 to May 2015 | At least 20 years old, normal body mass index, could ambulate without assistance, normal gait pattern | S | 1 | 3 |
| Claes (2017) | Leuven, Belgium | 12 (V) | 50 | 28.0 (4.79) | 22.14 (3.46) | October 2015 to April 2016 | Regularly physically active men or women between 20–40 years of age and no known musculoskeletal pathology or cardiovascular, respiratory or metabolic disease. | HR | 1 | 1 |
| Dooley (2017) | Austin, Texas, USA | 62 (V) | 58 | 22.6 (4.3), 18–38 | 24.6 (4.8), 17.1–45.0 | not reported | Caffeine free for 12 hours, fasted for 3 hours, non-smoker, no disability contraindicated for exercise, and no tattoos, piercings, or braces where device would be worn | EE, HR | 2 | 3 |
| Ehrler (2016) | Geneva, Switzerland | 21 (V) | 57 | 34.5 (15.7) | not reported | not reported | Healthy volunteers, able to walk at least 500m and not have any walking disability | S | 1 | 4 |
| El-Amrawy (2015) | Alexandria, Egypt | 4 (V) | 0 | 26.5 (12.8) | not reported | March 2014-June 2015 | Apparently healthy adult 22–36 years | S | 1 | 17 |
| Fokkema (2017) | Groningen, The Netherlands | 30 to 31 (V and R) | 48 | 32 (12) | 22.6 (2.4) | Fall 2016 | Apparently healthy adult volunteers | S | 1 | 10 |
| Gaz (2018) | Rochester, Minnesota, USA | 32 (V) | 69 | 36 (8), 26–56 | 26.8 (5.2), 18.2–41.8 | not reported | No known orthopedic limitations, no absolute contridictions to physical activity, employees of the institution | D, S | 2 | 6 |
| Gillinov (2017) | Cleveland, Ohio, USA | 25 (V) | 54 | 38 (12) | 25 (3.5) | June 2016 to August 2016 | At least 18 years old, could safely perform an 18 minute exercise protocol, and no known cardiovascular or lung disease, presence of cardiac pacemaker, treatment with beta-blockers or heart rhythm medications, and self-reported chest pain, dizziness, or loss of balance | HR | 1 | 6 |
| Hochsmann (2018) | Basel, Switzerland | 20 (V) | Group 1: 60; Group 2: 80 | Group 1: 22, 21–23; Group 2: 53, 52–66 | Group 1: 23, 21–25; Group 2: 24, 22–29 | January 2017 to March 2017 | Apparently healthy volunteers | S | 1 | 7 |
| Hongu (2013) | Tucson, Arizona, USA | 16 (V) | 56 | Females: 22.6 (2.6); Males: 21.3 (1.5) | Females: 22.5 (1.4); Males: 22.8 (2.3) | not reported | Apparently healthy college students free from cardiovascular or metabolic diseases or physical impariments that would interfere with walking | EE | 1 | 4+1 |
| Hovsepian (2014) | La Crosse, Wisconsin, USA | 13 (V and R) | not reported | 25.3 (2.5) | not reported | not reported | At least 18 years and self-reported running an average of >=10 miles/week during the past year | S | 1 | 2 |
| Huang (2016) | Shanghai, China | 40 (V) | 25 | 23.9 (2.8) | 21.4 (2.5) | September 2014 to October 2014 | >18 years old, able to walk on flat ground for at least 10 minutes and up or down stairs for at least 6 minutes continuously, body mass index <32 kg/m2, and no previous history of injury or disease inhibiting normal gait | D, S | 2 | 5 |
| Lee (2018) | Omaha, Nebraska, USA | 40 (V) | 54 | 27.6 (11.0), 19–66 | 25.3 (4.6), 19.4–39.7 | not reported | >=19 years old, no insomnia | SL | 1 | 6 |
| Leth (2017) | Aalborg, Denmark | 22 (V) | 50 | 31.1 (8.0), 22–52 | not reported | November 2015 to June 2016 | No walking disabilities that could lead to unnatural walking patterns | S | 1 | 5+1 |
| Menaspa (2014) | Varese, Italy (study 2) | 1 (V)# | not reported | not reported | not reported | September 2012 | not reported | E | 1 | 4 |
| Munck (2018) | Aalborg, Denmark | 22 (V) | 50 | 27 (7.25), 21–49 | 25.0 (3.8), 20.1–36.4 | November 2015 | >18 years old, capable of understanding Danish, did not suffer from previous neurologic, musculoskeletal, or mental illness, no use of walking aids, not pregnant | S | 1 | 6 |
| O’Connell (2016) | Galway, Ireland | 15 (V) | 53 | 21.1 (1.1) | Females 21.9 (1.8), Males 23.6 (2.7) | February 2015 to July 2015 | No history of cardiovascular disease or neurological disorder | S | 1 | 4 |
| Pribyslavska (2018) | Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA | 34 (V) | 32 | 25.8 (4.9) | 24.4 (4.4) | Fall 2016- Spring 2017 | classified as either low or moderate risk according to the American College of Sports Medicine cardiovascular risk classification, physically active | EE | 1 | 3 |
| Price (2017) | Melbourne, Australia | 14 (V) | 21 | 23.0 (6.0) | 22.8 (2.6) | September 2014 to September 2015 | Able to walk and run continuously on a treadmill unaided, healthy and free of factors associated with exercise risk as determined through standard screening procedures | EE | 1 | 3 |
| Reddy (2018) | Portland, Oregon, USA and Toronto, Canada | 20 (V) | 55 | 27.5 (6.0) | 22.5 (2.3) | December 2017- February 2018 | Healthy adults, screening used PARQ | EE, HR | 2 | 2+1 |
| Roos (2017) | Magglingen, Switzerland | 20 (V) | 40 | 23.9 (1.9) | not reported | January 2016 to March 2016 | Recreational or competitive runner, no injury to lower extremities within past year. | EE | 1 | 3 |
| Sears (2017) | Buies Creek, North Carolina, USA | 10 (V) | 50 | 23.3 (5.2), 18–40 | not reported | Spring 2016 | Recreationally active, low- or moderate-risk for cardiovascular disease | S | 1 | 5 |
| Simunek (2016) | Olomouc, Czech Republic | 20 (V) | 30 | 34.0 (6.3), 25–52 | 24.3 (4.0) | December 2014 to February 2015 | No history of injury or illness affecting mobility | S | 1 | 2+2 |
| Wahl (2017) | Cologne, Germany | 20 (V) | 50 | Females: 24.2 (1.9), Males: 26.1 (2.8) | not reported | not reported | Apparently healthy and active sport students | D, EE, S | 3 | 11 |
| Wang (2017) | Hangzhou, China | 9 (V) | 44 | 22.0 (1.0) | not reported | Spring 2015 | Apparently healthy participants | S | 1 | 7 |
| Woodman (2017) | Knoxville, Tennessee, USA | 28 (V) | 29 | 25.5 (3.7) | 24.9 (2.6) | January 2015 to May 2015 | Completed PARQ, not currently pregnant, obese, or have orthopedic or musculoskeletal issues that would limit activity, able to run on treadmill for 5 min at 134.1m/min with 0% grade | EE | 1 | 5 |
| Yavelberg (2018) | Toronto, Ontario, Canada | 25 (V) but smaller sample wore Garmin | 44 | 25.0 (7.6), 18–55 | Females without diabetes 23.8 (2.7), Females with diabetes 24.7 (1.5), Males without diabetes 26.0 (2.2), Males with diabetes 23.6 (2.2) | 2014 to 2016 | At least 16 years, otherwise healthy and active with moderate to high levels of physical activity. Eight participants had a diagnosis of type 1 diabetes. | EE | 1 | 5 |
Abbreviations: D, distance; E, elevation; EE, energy expenditure; HR, heart rate; PARQ, Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire; R, reliability;SL, sleep; SD, standard deviation; S, steps; V, validity
*
The sample size was based from the article on the number who tested a Garmin device. For some studies, this was less than the full sample described for gender, age, and body mass index.
**
The number of devices tested is listed as two numbers if the gold standard assessment included a device (e.g., accelerometer, activity tracker).
#
Only results from study 1 were included, since study 2 did not use an activity tracker.