Table 1.
Demographics and clinical characteristics of critically ill COVID-19 patients with or without distal DVT (dDVT)
| All patients (N = 88) |
Patients with dDVT (N = 40) |
Patients without dDVT (N = 48) |
P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 63 (55, 71) | 63 (56, 70) | 64 (55, 73) | 0.914 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 54 (61%) | 25 (63%) | 29 (60%) | 0.842 |
| Female | 34 (39%) | 15 (38%) | 19 (40%) | |
| PaO2/FiO2 ratio | 150 (100, 199) | 121 (95, 190) | 156 (109, 201) | 0.093 |
| SOFA score | 5 (4,6) | 6 (5,7) | 4 (3,5) | < 0.001 |
| Required respiratory support | ||||
| HFNC | 23 (26%) | 8 (20%) | 15 (31%) | 0.191 |
| Noninvasive ventilation | 32 (36%) | 13 (33%) | 19 (40%) | |
| Invasive mechanical ventilation | 33 (38%) | 19 (48%) | 14 (30%) | |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| Leukocyte, × 109/L | 7.90 (5.79, 12.36) | 7.07 (4.93, 12.11) | 8.51 (6.71, 12.87) | 0.054 |
| Neutrophils, × 109/L | 6.44 (4.49, 10.74) | 5.95 (3.48, 10.74) | 6.89 (4.92, 10.52) | 0.164 |
| Lymphocytes, × 109/L | 0.78 (0.56, 1.12) | 0.75 (0.60, 1.04) | 0.84 (0.53, 1.20) | 0.527 |
| Platelets, × 109/L | 197 (139.50, 277) | 183 (123.50, 221.50) | 217.50 (147.50, 314.50) | 0.037 |
| Haemoglobin (g/L)a | 119 (106, 136) | 125 (112.50, 138.50) | 114 (96, 128) | 0.015 |
| D-dimer (mg/L) | 4.35 (1.99, 10.10) | 6.41 (2.75, 10.94) | 3.10 (1.39, 7.60) | 0.020 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 94.85 (37, 229) | 108 (33.50, 218.50) | 82.75 (50, 256) | 0.466 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 40.20 (6.74, 74.70) | 44.75 (5.55, 74.75) | 30.10 (8.35, 74.45) | 0.860 |
| PCT (ng/mL) | 0.13 (0.05, 0.16) | 0.14 (0.13, 0.23) | 0.05 (0.05, 0.05) | < .001 |
| ESR (mm/H) | 43.57 (24.90) | 32.92 (22.40) | 53 (23.34) | < .001 |
| Cr (µmol/L) | 68.75 (58.20, 87.65) | 70.90 (59.15, 89.15) | 67.70 (56.10, 82.60) | 0.988 |
| BUN (mmol/L) | 4.20 (3.21, 5.79) | 4 (3.17, 6.30) | 4.25 (3.30, 5.10) | 0.373 |
| LDH (U/L) | 288.50 (212, 365) | 288.50 (206, 361) | 291 (224, 415) | 0.586 |
| cTnI (ng/ml) | 5.25 (3, 11.10) | 4.40 (2.60, 9.65) | 5.50 (3.70, 11.55) | 0.202 |
| PT (s) | 13.10 (12.60, 13.80) | 12.90 (12.60, 13.60) | 13.20 (12.65, 14.10) | 0.210 |
| APTT (s) | 38.65 (36.15, 41.65) | 39.15 (36.25, 42.75) | 38.25 (35.85, 40.60) | 0.227 |
| Albumin (g/L) | 30.76 (4.16) | 28.81 (3.91) | 32.39 (3.67) | < .001 |
| Medical history | ||||
| Hypertension | 31 (35%) | 12 (30%) | 19 (40%) | 0.349 |
| Diabetes | 9 (10%) | 6 (15%) | 3 (6%) | 0.290 |
| Hematencephalon | 2 (2%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (4%) | 0.498 |
| Cerebral infarction | 3 (3%) | 1 (3%) | 2 (4%) | 1.000 |
| Malignancy | 5 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 5 (10%) | 0.061 |
| Gastric ulcer | 1 (1%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0.455 |
| Thyroid diseases | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 1.000 |
| Coronary heart disease | 2 (2%) | 2 (5%) | 0 (0%) | 0.204 |
| Hepatitis B | 1 (1%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (2%) | 1.000 |
| Fatty liver | 2 (2%) | 1 (3%) | 1 (2%) | 1.000 |
| Pulmonary arterial hypertension, n (%) | 36 (41%) | 21 (53%) | 15 (31%) | 0.044 |
| Time from disease onset to dDVT confirmed (days) | 28 (16, 40) | 34 (22, 42) | 20 (15, 32) | 0.007 |
| Time from ICU admission to dDVT confirmed, days | 9 (7, 11) | 10 (8, 12) | 8 (7, 11) | 0.067 |
| ICU length of stay, days | 22 (18, 30) | 27 (19, 32) | 21 (18, 29) | 0.257 |
| Padua score | ||||
| < 4 | 12 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (25%) | < .001 |
| ≥ 4 | 76 (86%) | 40 (100%) | 36 (75%) | |
| Wells score | ||||
| ≤ 0 | 12 (14%) | 0 (0%) | 12 (25%) | |
| 1–2 | 68 (77%) | 33 (83%) | 35 (73%) | < .001 |
| ≥ 3 | 8 (9%) | 7 (17%) | 1 (2%) | |
| IMPROVE VTE RAM | ||||
| 2–3 | 80 (91%) | 40 (100%) | 40 (83%) | 0.007 |
| ≥ 4 | 8 (9%) | 0 (0%) | 8 (17%) | |
| IMPROVE bleeding RAM | ||||
| < 7 | 61 (69%) | 32 (80%) | 29 (60%) | 0.047 |
| ≥ 7 | 27 (31%) | 8 (20%) | 19 (40%) | |
| Bleeding adverse event | ||||
| No | 83 (94%) | 38 (95%) | 45 (94%) | 1.000 |
| Yes | 5 (6%) | 2 (5%) | 3 (6%) | |
| Mortality | 20 (23%) | 12 (30%) | 8 (17%) | 0.137 |
DVT deep vein thrombosis, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, HFNC high-flow nasal cannula, BNP brain natriuretic peptide, CRP C-reactive protein, PCT procalcitionin