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. 2020 Jun 29;10:10530. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67207-y

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cytotoxicity of IONP on HeLa cells. (a–c) Proliferation kinetics of HeLa cells incubated with IONP during 48, 72 and 96 h. One-way ANOVA statistical analysis revealed a significant difference between treated groups and control; Two-way ANOVA statistical analysis proved significant difference between IONPs and DOX-IONPs (P < 0.0001 for 48 h; P < 0.0001 for 72 h; P < 0.0001 for 96 h). Also, the presence of DOX in the construct induced a significant reduction of proliferation, compared to equivalent concentrations of IONP_CO (P = 0.0003 for 48 h; P < 0.0001 for 72 h; P < 0.0001 for 96 h). (d) Clonogenic survival of HeLa cells seeded in the colony formation assay after exposure to 100 μg/mL IONP for 16 h. Data are presented as percentage of untreated control and are shown as mean ± SEM (n = 3).