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. 2020 Jun 29;10:10568. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66716-0

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Panels (a) and (b) show the locations of the main target sites in a representative sinonasal reconstruction, i.e. the OMC (acting as the mucociliary drainage pathway for the sinuses) and the sinus cavities. Panels (c)-(e) demonstrate the “Line of Sight” (LoS; represented by the black lines) in NPM1. The anatomic zone, colored red, marks the OMC. Note that panel (d) is the 3D-printed soft nose from NPM1, exhibiting the same approximate orientation as that of the digital model in panel (c), giving a direct straight-line access to the target sites, and hence an LoS. The blue component in the image on panel (d) indicates the approximate location of the OMC.