Table 1.
Overview of applications for biocides that are effective against coronaviruses.
| Active ingredient(s) | Applicable surface (skin, fomites, air) | Food contact (Yes or No) | Concentration or Levela | References | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Food contact surfaces (Zone 1b) | Non-food Contact (Zones 2c & 3d) | Skin | Aerosol | ||||
| Ethyl alcohol (ethanol) | Skin, fomites | Yes | 70% (v/v) | 70 - 95% (v/v) | 80% (v/v) | N/A | Rabenau et al., 2005b; Kampf et al., 2020 |
| Isopropyl alcohol (isopropanol) | Skin, fomites | Yes | 70% (v/v) | 60–90% (v/v) | 75% (v/v) | N/A | Kratzel et al., 2020 |
| Povidone iodine | Skin, fomites | No | N/A | 5–10% (v/v) | N/A | Gaulin et al., 2011 | |
| Quaternary ammonium | Fomites | Yes | <200 ppm | 200 ppm | N/A | N/A | Gaulin et al., 2011 |
| Hydrogen peroxide | Skin, fomites | Yes | 35% (v/v) | 0.125% (v/v) | N/A | Gaulin et al., 2011 | |
| Sodium hypochlorite | Fomites | Yes | 100–200 ppm | >200 ppm | N/A | N/A | Gaulin et al., 2011 |
| Peroxyacetic acid (PAA) | Fomites | Yes | 5–500 ppm | 500 ppm | N/A | N/A | Gaulin et al., 2011 |
| Chlorine dioxide | Fomites, air | Yes | 3 ppm | N/A | 0.03 ppm | Miura and Shibata, 2010 | |
| Ozone | Fomites, air | Yes | 2 ppm | N/A | <0.05 ppm | Hudson et al., 2007, 2009 | |
| Ultraviolet (UV) light | Fomites, air | Yes | 200–280 nm | N/A | 200–280 nm | Kariwa et al., 2006; Walker and Ko, 2007 | |
a
Recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency (Values on table represent general ranges according to the EPA. Always follow EPA label instructions for specific antimicrobial pesticide formulations).
b
Zone 1: Food-Contact Surfaces.
c
Zone 2: Non-food-contact surfaces in close proximity to food and food contact surfaces.
d
Zone 3: More remote non-food-contact surfaces that are in or near the processing areas and could lead to contamination of zones 1 and 2.
N/A, Not applicable.