Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the final analysis
| Sources | Country | Study design | Study period | Clinical settings | Participants (n) | Sex (M/F) | Mean age (days) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ainsworth et al. 1999, [28] | United Kingdom (Newcastle upon Tyne) | Prospective cohort study | Jan. 1995–Dec. 1996 | Nursery | 46 | NP | NP |
| Rein et al. 2000, [29] | Israel (Jerusalem) | Retrospective cohort study | Jan. 1994–Dec. 1996 | Nursery | 170 | 85:85 | NP |
| Azhar et al. 2006, [24] | Canada (Ontario/Ottawa) | Prospective cross-sectional study | Jul. 1997–Jun. 1998 | NICU | 75 | NP | NP |
| Mackie et al. 2009, [30] | Canada (Quebec/ Montreal) | Prospective cross-sectional study | Oct. 2004–Jul. 2006 | Outpatient | 201 | 95:106 | 12 |
| Gokmen et al. 2009, [25] | Turkey (Konya) | Prospective cross-sectional study |
NP 6 months |
Nursery | 53 | NP | NP |
| Mirzarahimi et al. 2011, [31] | Iran (Ardabil) | Cross-sectional study | Sept. 2006–Sept. 2007 |
Nursery NICU |
91 | NP | NP |
| Singh et al. 2012, [32] | United Kingdom (Birmingham) | Retrospective cohort study | Jan. 2008–Dec. 2010 | Nursery | 205 | NP | 2 |
| Al-Ammouri et al. 2016, [33] | Jordan (Amman) | Retrospective cohort study | Aug. 2007–Jun. 2014 | Nursery | 309 | 167:142 | NP |
| Minocha et al. 2018, [26] | United States (Florida/Miami) | Retrospective cohort study | Jan. 2013–Dec. 2016 | Nursery | 422 | NP | NP |
| Fenster et al. 2018, [34] | United States (Wisconsin/Madison) | Retrospective cohort study | Jan. 2008–Dec. 2015 | Nursery | 354 | NP | 2 |
| Ceresnak et al. 2007, [35] | United States (New York) | Case report | NP | Nursery | 1 | 1 male | 2 |
| Paech et al. 2013, [36] | Germany (Leipzig) | Case report | NP | NICU | 1 | NP | NP |
Abbreviations: NP, not provided; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; M, male; F, female