Table 1.

Summary of Effects of 17β-Estradiol (E₂) versus Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators on Hypothalamic Astrocyte Protein Expression

	Females					Males
	E2 Dose response	PPTa	DPNb	E2/BSAc	G1d	E2 Dose response	PPT	DPN	E2/BSA	G1
		100 nM Compared to 10 nM β-E2					100 nM Compared to 10 nM β-E2
GSe							NSo	NS	NS
pGSf							NS	NS	NS	NS
GPg		NS			NS
ERαj		NS	NS	NS			NS	NS	NS	NS
ERβk				NS	NS					NS
GPERl		NS	NS	NS	NS		NS	NS
AMPKh		NS	NS	NS	NS		NS	NS	NS	NS
pAMPKi								NS		NS
CAMKKβm		NS	NS	NS	NS			NS
PP1n					NS		NS		NS	NS

^aestrogen receptor-alpha (ERα) agonist propylpyrazole triol

^bestrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) agonist diarylpropionitrile (DPN)

^cestradiol-bovine serum albumin conjugate

^dtransmembrane G protein-couple estrogen receptor (GPR30) agonist

^eglycogen synthase

^fphospho-GS

^gglycogen phosphorylase

^h5’-AMP-activated protein kinase

ⁱphospho-AMPK

^jestrogen receptor-alpha

^kestrogen receptor-beta

^lG protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1

^mcalcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta

ⁿprotein phosphatase-1

^onot significant