Table 1.
Participants characteristics of included studies (n = 75).
| References | Sample size (n) | Age (years) | Menopausal age (years) | Body mass (kg) | Height (cm) | BMI (kg/m2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adami et al. (1999) | E: 125 C: 125 |
E: 65 ± 6 C: 63 ± 7 |
E: 16 ± 7 C: 14 ± 8 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 24.6 ± 3.3 C: 23.8 ± 3.8 |
| Basat et al. (2013) | RE: 14 HI: 14 C: 14 |
RE: 56 ± 5 HI: 56 ± 3 C: 56 ± 4 |
RE: 6 ± 4 HI: 7 ± 2 C: 6 ± 3 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
RE: 25 ± 4.7 HI: 26.4 ± 3.5 C: 27.5 ± 3.7 |
| Bassey et al. (1998) | E: 45 C: 32 |
E: 56 ± 3 C: 55 ± 4 |
E: 7 ± 4 C: 5 ± 4 |
E: 64.7 ± 7.3 C: 66.5 ± 7.8 |
E: 161 ± 6 C: 163 ± 6 |
E: 25 ± 2.6 C: 25.1 ± 2.6 |
| Bassey and Ramsdale (1995) | E: 31a
C: 32 |
E: 54 ± 4 C: 55 ± 3 |
E: 7 ± 4 C: 7 ± 5 |
E: 63.3 ± 11.4 C: 64.7 ± 6.7 |
E: 163 ± 6 C: 159 ± 5 |
E: 24.6 ± 2.7 C: 24.9 ± 3.8 |
| Bello et al. (2014) | E: 10 C: 10 |
E: 61 ± 6 C: 61 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
| Bemben et al. (2010) | E: 22b
C: 12 |
E: 64 ± 1 C: 63 ± 1 |
>5 | E: 76.6 ± 3.2 C: 77.9 ± 4.5 |
E: 161 ± 2 C: 163 ± 1 |
E: 30 ± 1 C: 29 ± 1 |
| Bemben et al. (2000) | HR: 11 HL: 13 C: 11 |
HL: 50 ± 2 HR: 52 ± 2 C: 52 ± 1 |
HL: 4 ± 1 HR: 2 ± 1 C: 3 ± 1 |
HL: 74.7 ± 5.6 HR: 62.7 ± 3.4 C: 66.5 ± 4.2 |
HL: 162 ± 2 HR: 165 ± 2 C: 166 ± 2 |
HL: 28.7 ± 2.4 HR: 23.2 ± 1.2 C: 24.2 ± 1.7 |
| Bergstrom et al. (2008) | E: 60 C: 52 |
E: 59 ± 4 C: 60 ± 3 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 24.4 ± 2.6 C: 24.9 ± 2.3 |
| Bloomfield et al. (1993) | E: 7 C: 7 |
E: 62 ± 1 C: 59 ± 4 |
E: 11 ± 3 C: 15 ± 2 |
E: 77.4 ± 3.5 C: 64.4 ± 2.6 |
E: 167 ± 2 C: 161 ± 2 |
E: 28 ± 1.2 C: 25 ± 1 |
| Bocalini et al. (2009) | E: 23 C: 12 |
E: 69 ± 9 C: 67 ± 8 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 68 ± 6 C: 69 ± 7 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 28 ± 4 C: 27 ± 6 |
| Bolton et al. (2012) | E: 19 C: 20 |
E: 60 ± 6 C: 56 ± 5 |
E: 13 ± 7 C: 12 ± 7 |
E: 64.5 ± 9.7 C: 63.6 ± 11.9 |
E: 160 ± 4 C: 160 ± 6 |
E: 25.2 ± 4.3 C: 25 ± 4.4 |
| Brooke-Wavell et al. (2001) | E: 18 C: 21 |
E: 65 ± 3 C: 65 ± 3 |
>5 | E: 68.5 ± 8.9 C: 71.4 ± 12.1 |
E: 163 ± 7 C: 164 ± 7 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Brooke-Wavell et al. (1997) | E: 43 C: 41 |
E: 65 ± 3 C: 64 ± 3 |
E: 15 ± 5 C: 15 ± 7 |
E: 67.7 ± 10.9 C: 67.9 ± 10.6 |
E: 162 ± 6 C: 163 ± 7 |
E: 25.8 ± 3.8 C: 25.6 ± 3.5 |
| Caplan et al. (1993)* | E: 19 C: 11 |
E: 66 ± 1 C: 65 ± 1 |
E: 18 ± 2 C: 21 ± 3 |
E: 63.2 ± 2.5 C: 60.6 ± 2.9 |
E: 158 ± 2 C: 160 ± 2 |
E: 25.4 ± 0.9 C: 23.5 ± 0.8 |
| Chan et al. (2004) | E: 67 C: 65 |
E: 54 ± 3 C: 54 ± 3 |
E: 5 ± 2 C: 4 ± 2 |
E: 55.4 ± 7.9 C: 54 ± 10.3 |
E: 150 ± 10 C: 150 ± 20 |
E: 24.1 ± 4.7 C: 23.5 ± 4.6 |
| Chilibeck et al. (2013) | E+Pl: 86 Pl: 88 |
E+Pl: 55 ± 6 Pl: 56 ± 7 |
>1 | E+Pl: 73.4 ± 14.1 Pl: 73.6 ± 15.9 |
E+Pl: 163 ± 5 Pl: 163 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Chilibeck et al. (2002)* | E: 14 C: 14 |
E: 57 ± 2 C: 59 ± 2 |
E: 9 ± 2 C: 8 ± 2 |
E: 72 ± 4.3 C: 73.2 ± 4.8 |
E: 164 ± 2 C: 165 ± 1 |
E: 27 ± 1.7 C: 26.6 ± 1.2 |
| Choquette et al. (2011) | E+Pl: 25 Pl: 26 |
E+Pl: 58 ± 6 Pl: 59 ± 6 |
E+Pl: 8 ± 8 Pl: 10 ± 8 |
E+Pl: 75.4 ± 12.1 Pl: 79.5 ± 9.2 |
E+Pl: 161 ± 6 Pl: 160 ± 6 |
E+Pl: 29.1 ± 3.9 Pl: 31 ± 2.9 |
| Chuin et al. (2009) | E+Pl: 11 Pl: 7 |
E+Pl: 65 ± 3 Pl: 67 ± 4 |
n.g. n.g. |
E+Pl: 66.6 ± 8.5 Pl: 64.2 ± 7.6 |
n.g. n.g. |
E+Pl: 26.5 ± 2.7 Pl: 26 ± 2.8 |
| de Matos et al. (2009) | E: 30 C: 29 |
E: 57 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 |
10 7 |
E: 59.8 ± 7.6 C: 65 ± 8.3 |
E: 158 ± 4 C: 159 ± 8 |
E: 23.9 ± 3.3 C: 25.6 ± 3.1 |
| Deng (2009) | E: 45 C: 36 |
E: 54 ± 4 C: 51 ± 5 |
E: 4 ± 3 C: 3 ± 2 |
E: 58.8 ± 8 C: 58.3 ± 7.5 |
E: 157 ± 5 C: 159 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. |
| de Oliveira et al. (2019) | E: 17 C: 17 |
E: 56 ± 7 C: 54 ± 5 |
E: 8 ± 7 C: 9 ± 7 |
E: 67.4 ± 8.6 C: 64.6 ± 6.6 |
E: 157 ± 6 C: 154 ± 4 |
E: 27.2 ± 2.7 C: 27.3 ± 2.5 |
| Duff et al. (2016) | E: 22 C: 22 |
E: 65 ± 5 C: 65 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 162 ± 6 C: 160 ± 7 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Ebrahim et al. (1997) | E: 81 C: 84 |
E: 66 ± 8 C: 68 ± 8 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 26.6 ± 4.3 C: 26.3 ± 4.8 |
| Englund et al. (2005) | E: 24 C: 24 |
E: 73 ± 4 C: 73 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 66.9 ± 8.7 C: 67.7 ± 8.5 |
E: 162 ± 6 C: 160 ± 6 |
E: 25.2 ± 2.7 C: 26.1 ± 3.2 |
| Evans et al. (2007) | E+SP: 11c
SP: 10 |
E+SP: 62 ± 5 SP: 63 ± 5 |
E+SP: 8 ± 6 SP: 8 ± 5 |
E+SP: 66.7 ± 13.3 SP: 67.6 ± 7.3 |
E+SP: 163 ± 7 SP: 161 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Going et al. (2003) | E: 91 C: 70 |
E: 56 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 |
>3 | E: 68.9 ± 11.4 C: 67.8 ± 11.4 |
E: 163 ± 7 C: 163 ± 5 |
E: 25.8 ± 3.4 C: 25.5 ± 4 |
| Grove and Londeree (1992) | LI: 5 HI: 5 C: 5 |
LI: 57 ± 4 HI: 54 ± 2 C: 56 ± 4 |
LI: 3 ± 2 HI: 4 ± 3 C: 4 |
LI: 69 ± 12.7 HI: 72.3 ± 19.2 C: 70.5 ± 10.1 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
| Hans et al. (2002) | E: 110 C: 35 |
E: 68 ± 5 C: 66 ± 5 |
>5 | E: 63 ± 7.3 C: 59.5 ± 7.5 |
E: 161 ± 8 C: 159 ± 8 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Hartard et al. (1996) | E: 18 C: 16 |
E: 64 ± 6 C: 67 ± 10 |
>2 | E: 67 ± 7.7 C: 63.8 ± 11.2 |
E: 162 ± 7 C: 158 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Hatori et al. (1993) | E: 23d
C: 12 |
H: 56 ± 4 M: 58 ± 5 C: 58 ± 8 |
H: 7 ± 5 M: 6 ± 4 C: 9 ± 8 |
H: 54 ± 5 M: 53.4 ± 6.8 C: 53.9 ± 6 |
H: 151 ± 3 M: 151 ± 5 C: 151 ± 5 |
H: 23.3 ± 2.3 M: 23.5 ± 2.4 C: 24.6 ± 3.3 |
| Iwamoto et al. (2001) | E: 8 C: 20 |
E: 65 ± 5 C: 65 ± 6 |
E: 16 ± 6 C: 15 ± 6 |
E: 45.5 ± 6.5 C: 45.8 ± 4 |
E: 152 ± 8 C: 152 ± 6 |
E: 19.7 ± 1.3 C: 19.9 ± 2.1 |
| Jessup et al. (2003) | E: 10 C: 10 |
E: 69 ± 3 C: 69 ± 4 |
E: 24 ± 11 C: 22 ± 11 |
E: 78 ± 9.2 C: 84.2 ± 17.7 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
| Karakiriou et al. (2012)* | E: 10 C: 9 |
E: 53 ± 1 C: 53 ± 1 |
E: 5 ± 1 C: 3 ± 1 |
E: 71.2 ± 2.8 C: 75.4 ± 2 |
E:159 ± 1 C:157 ± 2 |
E: 28.1 ± 1.1 C: 30.4 ± 0.8 |
| Kemmler et al. (2013) | E: 43 C: 42 |
E: 52 ± 2 C: 52 ± 3 |
E: 2 ± 1 C: 2 ± 1 |
E: 69.5 ± 9.6 C: 70.9 ± 16.8 |
E: 165 ± 5 C: 165 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Kemmler et al. (2010) | E: 123 C: 123 |
E: 69 ± 4 C: 69 ± 4 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 68.1 ± 10.9 C: 69.5 ± 12 |
E: 162 ± 6 C: 160 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Kemmler et al. (2004) | E: 86 C: 51 |
E: 55 ± 3 C: 56 ± 3 |
>1 | E: 67.6 ± 9.7 C: 64.8 ± 13.6 |
E: 164 ± 6 C: 162 ± 7 |
E: 25.1 ± 3.3 C: 24.7 ± 3.9 |
| Kemmler (1999) | E-PM: 15 L-PM: 17 C: 18 |
EPM: 54 ± 5 LPM: 65 ± 6 C: 56 ± 8 |
EPM ≤ 8 LPM > 8 C >1 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
EPM: 25.5 ± 4.2 LPM: 26.2 ± 3.8 C: 27.4 ± 5.3 |
| Kerr et al. (2001) | RE: 42 Fit: 42 C: 42 |
RE: 60 ± 5 Fit: 59 ± 5 C: 62 ± 6 |
RE: 11 ± 6 Fit: 9 ± 5 C: 12 ± 6 |
RE: 72.2 ± 12 Fit: 69 ± 11.4 C: 69.3 ± 14.6 |
RE: 163 ± 5 Fit: 165 ± 6 C: 162 ± 7 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
| Kerr et al. (1996) | En: 28e
S: 28 |
En: 56 ± 5 S: 58 ± 4 | En: 6 ± 4 S: 8 ± 3 |
En: 70.8 ± 10 S: 69.4 ± 11.4 | En: 165 ± 6 S: 165 ± 7 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Kohrt et al. (1997) * | JRF: 15 GRF: 18 C: 15 |
JRF: 65 ± 1 GRF: 66 ± 1 C: 68 ± 1 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
JRF: 72.6 ± 2.3 GRF: 70.9 ± 4.2 C: 71.6 ± 1.8 |
JRF: 164 ± 2 GRF: 163 ± 1 C: 163 ± 2 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
| Kohrt et al. (1995) | E: 8f
C: 8 |
E: 65 ± 3 C: 66 ± 3 | >10 | E: 63.4 ± 11.9 C: 63.4 ± 8.1 |
E: 161 ± 5 C: 161 ± 5 | n.g. n.g. |
| Korpelainen et al. (2006) | E: 84 C: 76 | E: 73 ± 1 C: 73 ± 1 |
n.g. n.g. | E: 61.2 ± 7.9 C: 62.2 ± 9.2 |
E: 154 ± 5 C: 156 ± 5 | E: 25.7 ± 3.4 C: 25.5 ± 3.5 |
| Kwon et al. (2008) | E: 20 C: 20 | E: 77 ± 2 C: 77 ± 3 |
n.g. n.g. | E: 56.4 ± 3.8 C: 58.1 ± 5.6 |
E: 149 ± 6 C: 152 ± 3 | E: 25.9 ± 1.9 C: 25.2 ± 2.8 |
| Lau et al. (1992) | E+Pl: 15 Pl: 15 | E+Pl: 79 Pl: 75 |
n.g. n.g. | n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. | n.g. n.g. |
| Liu et al. (2015) | E: 50 C: 48 | E: 63 ± 7 C: 62 ± 8 |
E: 14 ± 6 C: 13 ± 7 | n.g. n.g. |
E: 154 ± 4 C: 157 ± 4 | n.g. n.g. |
| Lord et al. (1996) | E: 90 C: 89 | E: 72 ± 5 C: 71 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. | E: 66 ± 11.4 C: 64.7 ± 14.4 | E: 157 ± 6 C:157 ± 7 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Maddalozzo et al. (2007) | E: 35 C: 34 |
E: 52 ± 3 C: 52 ± 3 | E: 2 ± 1 C: 2 ± 1 |
E: 70 ± 8.7 C: 67.1 ± 12.6 | n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
| Marques et al. (2011b) | E: 30 C: 30 |
E: 70 ± 5 C: 68 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 28.4 ± 3.7 C: 28.2 ± 3.7 |
| Marques et al. (2011c) | RE: 23 AE: 24 C: 24 |
RE: 67 ± 5 AE: 70 ± 5 C: 68 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
RE: 28.8 ± 4.6 AE: 27.5 ± 3.8 C: 28.1 ± 3.5 |
| Martin and Notelovitz (1993) | 45minE: 25 30minE: 27 C: 24 |
45minE: 58 ± 7 30minE: 60 ± 8 C: 57 ± 7 |
45min E: 9 ± 9 30minE: 13 ± 9 C: 8 ± 7 |
45min E: 65.6 ± 11.9 30min E: 68.9 ± 11.5 C: 72.9 ± 15.5 |
45min E: 159 ± 5 30minE: 162 ± 7 C: 162 ± 4 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
| Milliken et al. (2003) | E: 26 C: 30 |
E: 57 ± 5 C: 57 ± 5 |
E: 6 ± 3 C: 6 ± 3 |
E: 68.4 ± 10.6 C: 68.4 ± 10.6 |
E: 162 ± 6 C: 162 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Moreira et al. (2014) | E: 64 C: 44 |
E: 59 ± 7 C: 59 ± 6 |
>5 | E: 73 ± 15.8 C: 74 ± 12.6 |
E: 157 ± 6 C: 156 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Nelson et al. (1994) | E: 21 C: 19 |
E: 61 ± 4 C: 57 ± 6 |
E: 12 ± 5 C: 10 ± 5 |
E: 64.7 ± 7.7 C: 62.2 ± 8.9 |
E: 163 ± 6 C: 164 ± 8 |
E: 24.4 ± 2.5 C: 23.1 ± 2.2 |
| Nelson et al. (1991)* | E: 21g
C: 20 |
E: 60 ± 1 C: 60 ± 1 |
E: 11 ± 1 C: 11 ± 1 |
E: 64 ± 1.4 C: 64 ± 1.4 |
E: 162 ± 1 C: 162 ± 1 |
E: 24.4 ± 0.5 E: 24.4 ± 0.5 |
| Nichols et al. (1995)* | E: 17 C: 17 |
E: 68 ± 2 C: 65 ± 1 |
E: 18 ± 1 C: 18 ± 1 |
E: 68.8 ± 2.8 C: 72 ± 13.5 |
E: 163 ± 1 C: 164 ± 1 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Nicholson et al. (2015) | E: 28 C: 29 |
E: 66 ± 4 C: 66 ± 5 |
>5 | E: 70.6 ± 9.1 C: 66.8 ± 10.7 |
E: 164 ± 4 C: 163 ± 5 |
E: 26 ± 3.2 C: 24.5 ± 2.9 |
| Orsatti et al. (2013) | E+Pl: 20 Pl: 20 |
E+Pl: 56 ± 9 Pl: 55 ± 8 |
E+Pl: 9 ± 6 Pl: 8 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
E+Pl: 26 ± 3 Pl: 30.4 ± 5.3 |
| Park et al. (2008) | E: 25 C: 25 |
E: 68 ± 4 C: 68 ± 3 |
E: 18 ± 2 C: 19 ± 3 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 153 ± 4 C: 152 ± 4 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Prince et al. (1995) | E+Ca: 42 Ca: 42 |
E+Ca: 63 ± 5 Ca: 62 ± 5 |
E+Ca: 16 ± 5 Ca: 16 ± 6 |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. |
| Pruitt et al. (1995) | H-int: 15 L-int: 13 C: 12 |
H-int: 67 L-int: 68 ± 1 C: 70 ± 4 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
H-int: 64.5 ± 9.2 L-int: 61.5 ± 4.6 C: 63.8 ± 9.1 |
H-int: 162 ± 7 L-int: 160 ± 5 C: 160 ± 9 |
H-int: 24.5 ± 3.4 L-int: 23.9 ± 1.6 C: 25.1 ± 3.1 |
| Pruitt et al. (1992)* | E: 17 C: 10 |
E: 54 ± 1 C: 56 ± 1 |
E: 3 C: 4 ± 1 |
E: 64.2 ± 1.9 C: 65.5 ± 2.9 |
E: 162 ± 1 C: 163 ± 2 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Rhodes et al. (2000) | E: 22 C: 22 |
E: 69 ± 3 C: 68 ± 3 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 68.4 ± 12 C: 61.7 ± 12.9 |
E: 161 ± 5 C: 159 ± 4 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Ryan et al. (1998) | E: 18 C: 18 |
E: 62 ± 6 C: 63 ± 6 |
>2 | E: 79.3 ± 8 C: 83.1 ± 11.3 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 30.5 ± 2.8 C: 30.9 ± 3 |
| Sakai et al. (2010)* | E: 49 C: 45 |
E: 68 ± 1 C: 68 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 51.4 ± 1.1 C: 51.7 ± 0.9 |
E: 151 ± 1 C: 151 ± 1 |
E: 22.4 ± 0.4 C: 22.6 ± 0.4 |
| Silverman et al. (2009) | E: 46 C: 40 |
E: 60 ± 5 C: 58 ± 5 |
E: 12 ± 8 C: 11 ± 7 |
E: 84.6 ± 11.3 C: 87.4 ± 14.4 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 32.1 ± 4.2 C: 32.6 ± 4.6 |
| Sinaki et al. (1989) | E: 34 C: 34 |
E: 56 ± 4 C: 56 ± 4 |
>0.5 | E: 66.2 ± 9.3 C: 66.1 ± 10.6 |
E: 163 ± 6 C: 161 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Sugiyama et al. (2002)* | E: 13h
C: 13 |
E: 52 ± 1 C: 53 ± 1 |
E: 3 C: 2 |
E: 54.7 ± 3.4 C: 50.9 ± 1.7 |
E: 155 ± 2 C: 153 ± 1 |
E: 22.7 ± 1.2 C: 21.7 ± 0.7 |
| Tartibian et al. (2011) | E: 20 C: 18 |
E: 61 ± 7 C: 59 ± 8 |
>8 | E: 77.5 ± 10.4 C: 75.9 ± 17.2 |
E: 167 ± 8 C: 168 ± 16 |
E: 25.1 ± 7.1 C: 28.5 ± 3.7 |
| Tolomio et al. (2009) | E: 81 C: 79 |
E: 62 ± 5 C: 64 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. |
E: 66 ± 10.9 C: 63 ± 9.7 |
E: 161 ± 10 C: 159 ± 10 |
n.g. n.g. |
| Verschueren et al. (2004) | E: 22 C: 24 |
E: 64 ± 4 C: 64 ± 3 |
E: 15 ± 6 C: 15 ± 7 |
E: 70.5 ± 9.6 C: 68.6 ± 14.5 |
E: 161 ± 6 C: 160 ± 6 |
E: 27.4 ± 3.5 C: 26.5 ± 5.8 |
| Wang et al. (2015) | TC: 40 TC+RT: 40 C: 39 |
TC: 58 ± 3 TCRT: 58 ± 3 C: 58 ± 3 |
>0.5 | TC: 60.5 ± 8.3 TCRT: 60 ± 6 C: 60.5 ± 8.3 |
TC: 159 ± 5 TCRT: 161 ± 4 C: 159 ± 5 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
| Woo et al. (2007) | TC: 30 RE: 30 C: 30 |
TC: 70 ± 3 RE: 70 ± 3 C: 69 ± 3 |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
n.g. n.g. n.g. |
TC: 24.4 ± 4.3 RE: 24.6 ± 4 C: 24.9 ± 3 |
| Wu et al. (2006) | E+Pl: 34 Pl: 34 |
E+Pl: 55 ± 3 Pl: 55 ± 3 |
E+Pl: 4 ± 2 Pl: 4 ± 2 |
E+Pl: 54.1 ± 7.3 Pl: 51.4 ± 7.1 |
E+Pl: 155 ± 6 Pl: 157 ± 6 |
E+Pl: 22.4 ± 2.9 Pl: 20.9 ± 2.2 |
| Yamazaki et al. (2004)* | E: 32 C: 18 |
E: 64 ± 3 C: 66 ± 3 |
E: 17 ± 2 C: 15 ± 2 |
E: 51.2 ± 1.4 C: 50.1 ± 1.6 |
E: 155 ± 1 C: 156 ± 1 |
E: 21.2 ± 0.7 C: 21.1 ± 1.1 |
a
According to the text, 63 women were randomized equally.
b
It is not stated, seven drop out belong to which groups.
c
It is not stated, nine drop out belong to which groups.
d
It is not clear to which exercise groups two persons who failed to complete the program belong.
e
One side of body is considered as control and the other side as intervention.
f
No data concerning participants/group; we assumed an equal allocation.
g
Exercise with or without 831 mg/d Ca vs. sedentary control with or without 831 mg/d Ca.
h
According to the baseline table in the article, there are 13 PMW in the exercise group, however, the text said that six persons in exercise groups were excluded due to low compliance with exercise but it is not clear whether these participants are in the pre- or post-menopausal group.
AE, aerobic exercise; C, control; Ca,calcium; E, exercise; En, Endurance; EPM, early post-menopausal; Fit, fitness; GRF, ground-reaction forces (i.e., walking); H, High; HI, high impact; H-int, high intensity; HL, high load; HR, high repetition; JRF, joint-reaction forces; LI, low impact; L-int, Low intensity; LPM, late post-menopausal; M, Moderate; n.g., not given; Pl, Placebo; RE, resistance exercise; S, Strength; SP, soy protein; TCRT, Tai Chi resistance training; TC, Tai Chi; All values are presented as mean ± SD, otherwise it is stated; *Numbers are presented as mean ± SE. Eligibility criteria with respect to post-menopausal age were utilized, if the studies provided no information regarding this item.