Table 2.
Exercise prescription characteristics of included studies (n = 75).
| References | Status | Length months |
PR- INT |
Main part of exercise | SiSp | Volume (min/w), Supervision(Attendance) | Exercise/strain composition | Summary of main part of exercise |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adami et al. (1999) | Healthy 16 ± 7 y post Sedentary |
6 | No | DRT (focus on forearm sites); volleyball in a sitting/standing position | No Yes |
2 × 95–110, SJE (83%) 7 × 30 HE (n.g.) |
SJE: 15–30 min warm up (walking), 70 min press-up, volleyball, 10 min DRT for the forearm with a 500 g weight. Number of reps (10–25)/min increased progressively. HE: Repeat all exercise | L-Intensity AET and RT (forearm site) |
| Basat et al. (2013) | Osteopenia 6 ± 4 y post No-BSE |
6 | No | DRT (focus on lower body with few trunk exercises) | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (>60%) | 15 min warm up (walking, cycling), 30–40 min RT: ≥9 exercises, one set, 10 reps (more details n.g.) | L/M-intensity DRT |
| 6 | No | Rope skipping | No Yes |
7 × 35, S-JE (>60%) | 15 min warm up (walking, cycling), Maximum 50 jumps/session (more details n.g.) | M-Impact jumping | ||
| Bassey et al. (1998) | Healthy 7 ± 4 y post No vigorous Ex > 1 h/w |
12 | No | Jumping: counter-movement jumps (CMJ) | No Yes |
5 × 10, HE 1 × 10, S-JE (91%) |
50 CMJ barefoot with both legs, five sets × 10 reps with ground reaction forces (GRF): 4 × body mass | H-Impact jumping |
| Bassey and Ramsdale (1995) | Healthy 7 ± 4 y post No-BSE |
12 | No | Heel-drops, jumping, skipping | No Yes |
1 × ?, S-JE 7 × ?, HE (84%) |
HE: 50 heel-drops barefoot on a thinly covered floor with knee and hip extended. S-JE: jumping and skipping (More details n.g.) | H-Impact heel drop |
| Bello et al. (2014) | Healthy 61 ± 6 y No-M/H intensity Ex >20 min or 2/w |
8 | No | Walking; DRT (all main muscle groups); aquatic exercise (RT main muscle groups) | Yes Yes |
3 × 40-?, S-JE (85%) | 40 min walking 1 × w, WB-circuit training 1 × w with easy loads: six exercises, three sets, 15–20 reps. Aquatic exercise 1 × w: four exercise, three sets, 15–20 reps; all at RPE 12–15 of Borg CR 20. 1 × w each type of exercise | L-Intensity WB AET and L-Intensity DRT |
| Bemben et al. (2010) | Healthy >5 y post No-RT |
8 | No | DRT (all main muscle groups) with machines | Yes Yes |
3 × ≈60, S-JE (90%) | 5 min warm up (walking, cycling), eight exercises, three sets, 10 reps, 80% 1RM + dumbbell wrist curls and seated abdominal flexion L/M intensity | H-Intensity DRT |
| Bemben et al. (2000) | Healthy 3 ± 1 y post No-RT |
6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (87%) | DRT:45 min, 8 exercises, three sets, eight reps, 80% 1RM | H-Intensity DRT |
| 6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (93%) | DRT: 45 min, eight exercises, three sets, 16 reps, 40% 1RM | L-Intensity DRT | ||
| Bergstrom et al. (2008) | Osteopenia (forearm fractures) 59 ± 4 y No-BSE |
12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups); AET; walking | Yes Yes |
1–2 × 60, S-JE 3 × 30, HE HT and S-JE (95%) |
S-JE: 25 min DRT, 25 min WB-AET (more details n.g.) HE: fast walking (more details n.g.) |
L-Intensity AET and ?-Intensity DRT |
| Bloomfield et al. (1993) | Healthy 11 ± 3 y post Sedentary |
8 | Yes | Cycle ergometer | No No |
3 × 50, S-JE (82%) | 15 min warm up [flexibility and calisthenics (more details n.g.)], 30 min cycling at 60–80% HRmax, 5 min walking (cool down) | H-Intensity Non-WB AET |
| Bocalini et al. (2009) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (>90%) | 10 min warm up (low impact running), 12 exercises, three sets, 10 reps, 85% 1RM with focus on eccentric exercises, 1 min rest (alternate upper and lower body exercises) between ex | H-Intensity DRT |
| Bolton et al. (2012) | Osteopenia 13 ± 7 y post No-BSE |
12 | Yes | DRT (muscle groups n.g.: “loading the proximal femur”); jumping | No Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE 1/w (88%) Daily HT |
S-JE: 40 min (?) exercises, two sets, eight reps, 80% 1RM with slow velocity, one set with reduced load and high velocity (12 rep). HT: Daily three sets, 10 reps of jumps (more details n.g.) | M/H-Impact and H-Intensity DRT |
| Brooke-Wavell et al. (2001) | Healthy >5 y post Sedentary |
12 | No | Brisk walking | No Yes |
>3 × >20 (140 min/w), non-supervised (>90%) | 4–5 × 25–35 min/d ≈ 70% HRmax | M-Intensity WB-AET |
| Brooke-Wavell et al. (1997) | Healthy 15 ± 6 y post Sedentary |
12 | No | Brisk walking | No Yes |
140 min/w, Non-supervised (100%) | 20–50 min long for each walk, ≈ 70% HRmax | M-Intensity WB-AET |
| Caplan et al. (1993) | Healthy 18 ± 8 y post n.g. |
24 | No | Aerobic dance, ball games; DRT: floor exercises (more details n.g.) | ? Yes |
2 × 60, S-JE (n.g.)≥1 ×20–30, HT (n.g.) | 20–25 min AET, 10 min ball games (more details n.g.) 20–30 min DRT (more details n.g.) |
L-Impact, ?-Intensity WB-AET and ?-Intensity DRT |
| Chan et al. (2004) | Healthy 5 ± 2 y post No >0.5 h/w |
12 | No | Tai Chi: Yang Style [all main muscle groups (more details n.g.)] | ? Yes |
5 × 50, S-JE (≈84%) | Slow, smooth movements with constant velocity | Tai Chi (Yang Style) |
| Chilibeck et al. (2013) | Healthy >1 y post No-BSE |
24 | Yes | Walking; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
2 × n.g., S-JE 4 × 20–30, HT and S-JE (77%) |
S-JE: 15 exercises, two sets, eight reps, 80% 1RM HT and S-JE: walking at 70% HRmax |
M-Intensity WB-AET and H-Intensity DRT |
| Chilibeck et al. (2002) | Healthy 9 ± 2 y post No-vigorous Ex |
12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × ?, S-JE (78%) | 12 exercises, two sets, 8–10 reps, ≈70% 1RM | H-Intensity DRT |
| Choquette et al. (2011) | Healthy 8 ± 8 y post Sedentary |
6 | Yes | Treadmill and cycling; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines and with free weights | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (≥85%) | AET: 30 min at 40–85% HRmax; after 3 months H-intensity intervals of 4 × 4 min ≥90% HRmax, 3 min rest at 50–65% HRmax. RT: 30 min, ?exercise, one set, 12–15 rep increased to four sets 4–6 reps, at 60–85%1RM | H-Intensity AET and H-Intensity DRT |
| Chuin et al. (2009) | Healthy >8 y post n.g. |
6 | Yes | DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (>90%) | 15 min warm up (treadmill/cycle ergometer), DRT: 45 min, eight exercises, three sets, eight reps at 80% 1RM, rest between sets 90–120 s, 1RM-test each 4 weeks | H-Intensity DRT |
| de Matos et al. (2009) | ≥Osteopenia 10 y post n.g. |
12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines or free weights; AET (Bike, Treadmill) | Yes Yes |
3 × 45–65, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (n.g.) | WB-/non-WB-AET (Bike, treadmill, Stepper): 5–20 min (RPE 4–6 on Borg CR 10). DRT: 30–40 min, nine exercises,? sets, 10–15 reps, ? 1RM, TUT: three s conc-3 s eccentric; 1 min rest between sets and exercise | L/M-Intensity DRT and M-Intensity AET |
| Deng (2009) | Healthy 4 ± 3 y post No-BSE |
12 | Yes | Brisk walking, stepping, jumping; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines with free weights | Yes Yes |
2 × 60, S-JE 3–5 × 60, HE (82%) |
S-EJ: 45 min DRT, nine exercises, 2–5 sets, 12–40 reps, at 50–60% 1RM, self-selected rest (more details n.g.). HE: 30 min walking, at 50–80% HRmax, 15 min step routine, 50–300 jumps from a 4 inch bench | H-Impact, H-Intensity WB-AET, M-Intensity DRT |
| de Oliveira et al. (2019) | Healthy 8 ± 7 y post Sedentary |
6 | Yes | Pilates (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (93%) | 21 exercises (strengthening and flexibility), one set, 10 reps, 1 min rest between exercises, 5–6 at Borg CR10 | M-Intensity DRT |
| Duff et al. (2016) | Healthy >8 y post No-RT |
9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines and with free weights | Yes Yes |
3 × ?, S-JE (84%) | 12 exercises, two sets, 8–12 reps to muscular fatigue, ? 1RM (more details n.g.) | ?-Intensity DRT |
| Ebrahim et al. (1997) | Healthy (upper limb fractures) 66 ± 8 y No limit |
24 | No | Brisk walking | No Yes |
3 × 40, HE (100%) | 40 min walking, “faster than usual, but not so fast as to be uncomfortable” | L-Intensity WB-AET |
| Englund et al. (2005) | Healthy >8 y post n.g. |
12 | Yes | Walking/jogging; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes |
2 × 50, S-JE (67%) | WB-AET: 10 min warm up, 15 min walking/jogging. DRT: 12 min, two sets, 8–12 reps., ? 1RM (more details n.g.) | L/M-Intensity WB-AET and ?-Intensity DRT |
| Evans et al. (2007) | Healthy ≈8 ± 6 y post n.g. |
9 | Yes | Walking/running, rowing, stair-climbing (machines) | Yes Yes |
3 × 45, S-JE (n.g.) | WB and Non-WB AET (machines) at 55–80% VO2peak. Rest by changing exercise mode | H-Intensity WB-AET |
| Going et al. (2003) | Healthy 3–11 y post No-RT, <120 min Ex |
12 | Yes | Walking, Jogging, skipping, hopping, stepping with weighted vests; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines with free weights | Yes Yes |
3 × ≈60, S-JE (72%) | 10 min warm up (walking), 20–25 min WB-AET at 60% HRmax, 120–300 stair/steps with 5–13 kg weighted vest. DRT: 7 exercises, two sets, 6–8 reps 70–80% 1 RM |
L-Intensity WB-AET and H-Intensity DRT |
| Grove and Londeree (1992) | Healthy 4 ± 3 y post Sedentary |
12 | No | Jumping variations, heel drops (GRF≥2x body mass) | No Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (83%) | 20 min of high impact exercises. 15 min cool down (RT with abdominal and leg adduction/abduction exercises) | H-Impact intensity WB-AET |
| 12 | No | Walking, charleston, heel jacks (GRF <1.5 × body mass) | No Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (80%) | 20 min of low impact exercises. 15 min cool down (RT with abdominal and leg adduction/abduction exercises) | L-Impact intensity WB-AET | ||
| Hans et al. (2002) | ≥Osteopenia >5 y post n.g. |
24 | Yes (?) |
Heel-drops: barefoot on a force measuring platform (osteocare) | No Yes |
5 × 3–5, HE (65%) | Impact loading: strength or height 25–50% above the estimated resting force, daily 120 correct force impacts | L-Impact intensity WB-AET |
| Hartard et al. (1996) | Osteopenia >2 y post <1 h/w, No-BSE |
6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
2 × ?, S-JE (>83%) | 14 exercises, 1–2 sets, 8–12 reps, 70% 1RM, TUT: concentric: 3–4 s–eccentric 3–4s. ≥2 min rest between sets | M-Intensity DRT |
| Hatori et al. (1993) | Healthy ≈7 ± 5 y post n.g. |
7 | No | Walking below the anaerobic threshold at “flat grass covered ground” | No Yes |
3 × 30, n.g.(n.g.) | 30 min walking at 90% anaerobic threshold HR (6.2 km/h) | L/M-Intensity WB-AET |
| 7 | No | Walking above the anaerobic threshold at “flat grass covered ground” | No Yes |
3 × 30, n.g.(n.g.) | 30 min walking at 110% anaerobic threshold HR (7.2 km/h) | H-Intensity WB-AET | ||
| Iwamoto et al. (2001) | Osteoporosis 16 ± 6 y post Sedentary |
24 | Yes | Walking; DRT (“Gymnastics”: lower limbs and trunk exercises) | Yes Yes |
Daily (walking) × ?, HE 2 × daily RTx?,HE (n.g.) |
Additionally (to basic activity walking) ≈3,000 steps/d, RT: ≥ 4 exercises, two sets, 15 reps, ?% 1RM | L-Intensity WB-AET and ?-Intensity DRT |
| Jessup et al. (2003) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
8 | Yes | Walking, stairclimbing; DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60–90, S-JE (n.g.) | DRT: 20–35 min, eight exercises, ? sets, 8–10 reps, 50–75% 1RM. WB-AET: 30–45 min with weighted vest (increased up to 10% body-mass) | ?-Intensity WB-AE and M-Intensity DRT |
| Karakiriou et al. (2012) | Osteopenia 5 ± 2 y post Sedentary |
6 | No | Step aerobic exercise; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes |
2 × ? RT, S-JE 1 × 45 min AET (80%) | 15 min warm up (walking on treadmill/cycling ergometer and jumping). Abdominal and back extension exercises (one exercise for each muscle group, 2–4 sets of 16 repetitions). RT:11 exercises, 2–3 sets, 10–12 reps at 70% 1RM, 30 s rest between exercises, 3 min between sets. AET: 20 min, nine exercise, two circuits of 40 s; rest: 20 s between exercises, 2 min between circuits, 70–85% HRmax | M/H-Impact WB-AET and H-Intensity DRT |
| Kemmler et al. (2013) | Healthy 2 ± 1 y post No-BSE |
12 | Yes | Block periodized AET, jumping; isometric and DRT (all main muscle groups) exercise on machines with free weight, body mass | Yes Yes |
3 × 45–60, S-JE (67%) | Block I: 1 × 45 min/w H-Impact aerobic 75–85% HRmax, 2 × 20 min/w aerobic 75–85% HRmax, 4 × 15–20 jumps, 90 s rest. RT: 15 min, 8–12 floor exercises (trunk, hip, legs), 1–2 sets, rep?, 30 s rest. RT: 20 min, eight exercises, two sets, 8–9 rep, 45 s rest up, TUT: 2s concentric, 2 s eccentric. to 80% 1RM | H-Impact; H-Intensity WB-AET and H-Intensity DRT |
| Kemmler et al. (2010) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
18 | Yes | Aerobic dance; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes |
2 × 60, S-JE (76%) 2 × 20, HE (42%) |
AET: 20 min at 70–85% HRmax. RT: 10–15 exercises, 1–3 sets of 6–10 s maximum isometric contractions, 20–30 s rest, 3 upper body exercises, 2–3 sets 10–15 reps, TUT: 2s concentric, 2s eccentric at 65–70% 1RM; three lower extremity exercises, two sets eight reps, 1 min rest at 80% 1RM. HT: RT 1–2 sets, 6–8 exercise, 10–15 rep. 2–3 belt exercises, two sets, 10–15 rep | H-Intensity WB-AET and H-Intensity DRT |
| Kemmler et al. (2004) | Osteopenia 1–8 y post No-BSE |
26 | Yes | Fast walking and running, jumping; DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines with free weight, body mass | Yes Yes |
2 × 60–70, S-JE (79%) 2 × 25, HT (61%) |
AET: 20 min at 65–85% HRmax. Jumping started after 5–6 months with 4x 15 multi-lateral jumps. DRT: 30–40 min, 1/w. The first 6 month: 13 ex, two sets, 20–12 rep, TUT: 2 s concentric, 2 s eccentric at 50–65% RM, 90 s rest between sets and exercises. Then, 12 w blocks of H-intensity at 70–90% 1RM interleaved by 4 w at 55–79% 1RM. Isometric RT: 30–40 min, 1/w, 12–15 exercises (trunk and femur), 2–4 sets, 15–20 rep, 15–20 s rest. HT: rope skipping (three set, 20 rep), RT |
H-Impact, H-Intensity WB-AET, and H-Intensity DRT |
| Kemmler (1999) | Healthy 1–15 y post No-BSE |
9 | Yes | Running, gaming, jumping; DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes |
2 × 90, S-JE (82%) 2 × 35, HT (59%) |
AET: 25 min at 70–80% HRmax. RT: 65 min, 12–15 exercises, 2–4 sets of 8 s maximum isometric contractions; six trunk, upper back, lower extremity exercises, 20–25 reps at 60–65% 1 RM. HT: resistance exercises | H-Impact, H-Intensity WB-AET and M-Intensity DRT |
| Kerr et al. (2001) | Healthy ≈10 ± 6 y post <2 h/w |
24 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (74%) | ≈30 min brisk walking and stretching, RT: 30 min, nine exercises, three sets at 8 RM (≈75–80% 1RM) | H-Intensity DRT |
| 24 | No | DRT (all main muscle groups); Stationary cycling | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (77%) | ≈30 min brisk walking and stretching. RT: 30 min, nine exercises, three set, eight rep, 40 s/exercise with “minimal load”; 10 s rest between the exercises (more details n.g.). Stationary cycling 40 s, HR <150 beats/min | L-Intensity DRT and Non-WB-AET | ||
| Kerr et al. (1996) | Healthy ≈7 ± 4 y post No-RT, no racquet sports, No-Ex > 3 h/w |
12 | Yes | Unilateral DRT (all main muscle groups, randomized allocation of the left side or right side to exercise or control group) on machines or free weights | Yes Yes |
3 × 45–60, S-JE (89%) | 13 exercises, three sets at 20 RM, 3–5 rep (≈60–65% 1RM), 2–3 min rest between sets | M-Intensity DRT |
| 12 | Yes | Unilateral DRT (see above) | Yes Yes |
3 × 20–30, S-JE (87%) | 13 exercises, three sets at 8 RM, 3–5 rep (≈75–80% 1RM), 2–3 min rest between sets | H-Intensity DRT | ||
| Kohrt et al. (1997) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
11 | Yes | Walking, jogging, stair climbing | No Yes |
3–5 × 30–45, n.g. (pre-sumably S-JE) (≈70%) | First 2 months flexibility, 9 months WB at 60–85% HRmax | H-Intensity WB-AET |
| 11 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with free weights and on machines; rowing | Yes Yes |
3–5 × 40–60, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (≈70%) | First 2 months flexibility, DRT: 2/w, ≈20–30 min, eight exercises, 2–3 sets, 8–12 reps “to fatigue” (≈70–80% 1RM). Rowing: 3/w,15–30 min, 2–3 sets × 10 min at 60–85% HRmax | H-Intensity DRT and Non WB-AET | ||
| Kohrt et al. (1995) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
11 | Yes | Walking, jogging, stair climbing | No Yes |
3–5 × 45, HE (≈70%) | First 2 months flexibility, 9 months WB: 5–10 min warm up (treadmill 60–70% HRmax), 30 min WB at 65–85% HRmax | H-Intensity WB-AET |
| Korpelainen et al. (2006) | Osteopenia >8 y post n.g. |
30 | Yes | Jumping, walking/jogging, dancing, stamping, chair climbing | Yes Yes |
1 × 60, S-JE 7 × 20, HE (≈75%) |
S-JE: 45 min WB-AET. The first six months: 1 × 60 min S-JE and daily × 20 min HE. The second 6 months: HE: daily × 20 min HE applying the same exercise to S-JE | M/H-Impact and H-Intensity WB-AET |
| Kwon et al. (2008) | Healthy >8 y post No-Ex>2/w |
6 | Yes RT? |
Aerobic dance; DRT (six upper and lower body exercises) with free weights | Yes Yes |
3 × 80, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (n.g.) | 30 min AET at 40–75% HRmax, 30 min DRT of 6 exercises, ? sets, 3–10 reps to voluntary fatigue (i.e., 75% 1RM) | M-Intensity WB-AET and M/H-Intensity DRT |
| Lau et al. (1992) | Healthy >8 y post n.g. |
10 | No | Stepping up and down, Upper trunk movements | Yes Yes |
4 × ≈20–25, S-JE (n.g.) | 100 steps on a 23 cm block 15 min upper trunk movements (?) in a standing position with sub-maximum effort (more details n.g.) | M-Intensity WB-AET |
| Liu et al. (2015) | Osteoporosis 14 ± 6 y post n.g. |
12 | No | Tai-Chi | No Yes |
3 × daily ≈3–5, HE (96%) | Eight exercise brocade, seven rep (raising slowly the arms coming on the toes stretching the back and go back on the heel with arms hanging down) | Tai-Chi |
| Lord et al. (1996) | Healthy >8 y post No equal intensity with the intervention |
12 | No | Conditioning period: Brisk walking, multilateral stepping, lunges, heel rises; DRT (all main muscle groups) using owns body mass | Yes Yes |
2 × 60, S-JE (73%) | 5 min warm up (paced walking), conditioning period 35–40 min: AET and guided functional gymnastics for all main muscle groups (sets?, reps?, intensity?) | L/M-Intensity WB-AET and ?-Intensity DRT |
| Maddalozzo et al. (2007) | Healthy 1–3 y post n.g. |
12 | Yes | DRT (back squat, deadlifts) with free weights | Yes Yes |
2 × 50, S-JE (85%) | 15–20 min warm up (exercise focusing on posture, muscle engagement, abdominal strength, flexibility) two sets, 10–12 reps, 50% 1RM. Main part: 20–25 min, two exercises, three sets, 8–12 reps, 60 s rest between sets at 60–75% 1RM, TUT: 1–2 s concentric, 2–3 s eccentric | M-Intensity DRT |
| Marques et al. (2011b) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
8 | Yes | Marching, bench stepping, heel-drops; DRT (most main muscle groups) with weighted vests, elastic bands, free weights | Yes Yes |
2 × 60, S-JE (72%) | 15 min WB-AET with Peak-GRF up to 2.7 × body mass and high strain frequency (120–125 beats/min), 10 min for ≥7 muscle endurance exercises, 1–3 sets, 8–15 reps, ?1RM (more details n.g.), 10 min balance and dynamic exercise (walking, playing with ball, rope, sticks, etc.), 10 min agility training (coordination, balance, ball games, dance) | M/H-Intensity WB-AET and L/M-Intensity DRT |
| Marques et al. (2011c) |
Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
8 | Yes | Walking, stepping, skipping, jogging, dancing | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (78%) | Only the first 6 w 10 min DRT (lower body). 35–40 min of WB-AET (50–85% HRR) with Peak-GRF up to 2.7 × body mass with up to 120 beats/min | H-Intensity WB-AET |
| 8 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (78%) | 8–10 min warm up (cycling/rowing ergometer) at low intensity. 30–40 min DRT, 8 exercises, two sets, 15–6 reps, 50–80% 1RM with variable TUT (3–6s/rep.), 120 s rest between sets, 5–10 min cool down (walking and stretching) | H-Intensity DRT | ||
| Martin and Notelovitz (1993) | Healthy ≈11 ± 9 y post No-BSA |
12 | Yes | Brisk walking on treadmill | No Yes |
3 × 36–40, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (79%) | 30 min brisk walking (4–6.2 km/h at 3–7% incline) at 70–85% HRmax | H-Intensity WB-AET |
| 12 | Yes | Brisk walking on treadmill | No Yes |
3 × 51–55, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (82%) | 45 min brisk walking (4–6.2 km/h at 3–7% incline) at 70–85% HRmax | H-Intensity WB-AET | ||
| Milliken et al. (2003) | Healthy 6 ± 3 y post <2 h/w |
12 | Yes | Walking, skipping, multilateral stepping, jumping with weighted vests; DRT (all main muscle groups) with free weights, on machines; functional gymnastics | Yes Yes |
3 × 75, S-JE (n.g.) | 20 min WB-AET at 50–70% HRmax. 35 min DRT: 8 exercises, two sets, 6–8 reps, 70–80% 1 RM. Functional gymnastics for shoulder and abdominals using elastic bands and physio-balls | M-Impact, M-Intensity WB-AET, H-Intensity DRT |
| Moreira et al. (2014) | Healthy >5 y post Sedentary |
6 | Yes | Aquatic exercise (RT and AET in 1.1–1.3 m water depth) without equipment | Yes Yes |
3 × 50–60, S-JE (85%) | 2–5 sets of 30–10 s of four upper and lower body exercise with maximum effort and movement speed (full ROM), 1–1:40 min rest, 16–9 min at 55–90% HRmax | H-Intensity aquatic RT and AET |
| Nelson et al. (1994) | Healthy (6 women with 1 spine fracture) 12 ± 5 y post Sedentary |
12 | Yes | DRT (most main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
2 × 55, S-JE (88%) | 45 min, five exercises, three sets, eight reps, 50- 80% 1RM, TUT-6–9 s/rep, 3 s rest between reps, 90–120 s rest between sets | H-Intensity DRT |
| Nelson et al. (1991) | Healthy 11 ± 1 y post Sedentary | 12 | No | Walking with weighted vest | No Yes |
4 × 50, S-JE (90%) | Walking with a 3.1 kg weighted vest at 75–80% HRmax | H-Intensity WB-AET |
| Nichols et al. (1995) | Healthy >8 y post ≥3 × 30min/w |
12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × ≈45–60, S-JE (82%) | 5 min warm up (walking), 8 exercises, 1–3 sets, 10–12 reps, 50–80% 1RM; 30–60s rest between exercises, 60 s rest between sets | H-Intensity DRT |
| Nicholson et al. (2015) | Healthy >5 y post No-RT |
6 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups): “Body Pump Release 83” (i.e., barbell exercises) | Yes Yes |
2 × 50, S-JE(89%) | 10 × up to 6 min blocks of exercises for all main muscle groups (21 exercises in total); up to 108 reps (squats), ≤ 30% 1RM | very L-Intensity DRT |
| Orsatti et al. (2013) | Healthy 9 ± 6 y post Sedentary |
9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with free weights and on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 50–60, S-JE (n.g.) | Eight exercises three sets, 8–15 reps at 40–80% 1RM, three sets-−20–30 reps for trunk flexion and calf raises, 1–2 min rest between sets | H-intensity DRT |
| Park et al. (2008) | Healthy >8 y post ≤ 7 h/w M-Ex |
12 | No | WB-AET; RT (more details n.g.) | ? Yes |
3 × 60, n.g. (n.g.) |
10 min RT, 23 min of WB exercise at 65–70% HRmax (more details n.g.) | M-Intensity WB-AET and ?-Intensity RT |
| Prince et al. (1995) | Healthy >8 y post ≤ 2 h/w Ex |
24 | No | WB-AET (more details n.g.) | No Yes |
4 × 60, 2 × S-JE/2 × HE (39%) | 4 × WB exercise (including 2 × walking) at 60% HRmax (more details n.g.) | L-Intensity WB-AET |
| Pruitt et al. (1995) | Healthy >8 y post No-RT |
12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 55–65, S-JE (81%) | 50–55 min, 10 exercises, one warm up set, 14 reps, at 40% 1 RM, two sets, seven reps, 80% 1RM | H-Intensity DRT |
| Healthy >8 y post No-RT |
12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 55–65, S-JE (77%) | 50–55 min, 10 exercises, three sets, 14 reps, at 40% 1RM | L-Intensity DRT | |
| Pruitt et al. (1992) | Healthy 3 ± 1 y post No-BSE |
9 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) with free weights and on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (83%) | 40 min, 11 exercises, one set, at 10–12 RM for upper body and 10–15 RM for lower body (more details n.g.) | H-Intensity DRT |
| Rhodes et al. (2000) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
12 | Yes | DRT (all main muscle groups) on machines | Yes Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (85%) | 10 min warm up (cycle ergometer), DRT: 40 min, ≥6 exercises, three set, eight reps, 75% 1RM, TUT: 2–3 s concentric−3–4 s eccentric movement/rep applied in a circuit mode | H-Intensity DRT |
| Ryan et al. (1998) | Healthy >2 y post Sedentary |
6 | Yes | Walking, jogging on treadmill | No Yes |
3 × 55, S-E (>90%) | Up to (4th month) 35 min walking/jogging at 50–70% VO2max, 10 min cool down (cycle ergometer), Energy-intake restriction of 250–350 kcal/d (weight loss study). | H-Intensity WB-AET |
| Sakai et al. (2010) | Healthy >8 y post n.g. |
6 | No | Unilateral standing on one leg | No Yes |
7 × 2, HE (≥70%) | Three sets (early, at noon, in the evening) of unilateral standing for 1 min on each leg with eyes open | WB-AET and Balance |
| Silverman et al. (2009) | Healthy 12 ± 8 y post Sedentary |
6 | No | Walking | No Yes |
3 × 45–60, S-JE >1 session(78%) | walking at 50–75% HRmax, energy-intake restriction of 250–350 kcal/d (weight loss study) | M-Intensity WB-AET |
| Sinaki et al. (1989) | Healthy >0.5 y post n.g. |
24 | Yes | DRT (back strengthening exercise in a prone position using a back pack; ≈hyperextensions) with free weights | Yes No |
5 × ?, HE (n.g.) | One back strengthening exercise, one set, 10 reps, with a weight equivalent to 30% of the maximum isometric back muscle strength in pounds (maximum 23 kg) | L/M-Intensity DRT |
| Sugiyama et al. (2002) | Healthy 3 y post n.g. |
6 | No | Rope skipping (more details n.g.) | No Yes |
2–3 × ?, HE (82%) | 100 jump/session (more details n.g.) | M/H-Impact jumping |
| Tartibian et al. (2011) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
6 | Yes | Walking/jogging on treadmill | No Yes |
3–6 × 25–45, S-JE (95%) | First 12 weeks: 3–4 × 25–30 min at 45–55% HRmax, second 12 weeks: 4–6 × 40–45 min at 55–65% HRmax | L/M-Intensity WB-AET |
| Tolomio et al. (2009) | ≥Osteopenia 2–22 y post n.g. |
11 | No | DRT (joint mobility, elastic bands, balls); aquatic exercise (more details n.g.) | ? Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE and 1 × HE (n.g.) | The first 11 w only in gym, then two times in gym and once in water. 15 min warm up (brisk walking, stretching), 2 × 30 min/week RT, 1 × 30 min/week water gymnastics (more details n.g.). two periods (6 and 10 w) training at home (more details n.g.) | ?-Intensity DRT and aquatic exercise |
| Verschueren et al. (2004) | Healthy 15 ± 6 y post n.g. |
6 | Yes | DRT (leg press, leg extension) | No Yes |
3 × 60, n.g. (presumably S-JE) (n.g.) | 20 min warm up (running, stepping, or cycling) at 60–80% HRmax, DRT:2 exercise, 1–3 set, 20–8 rep | H-Intensity DRT |
| Wang et al. (2015) | Healthy >0.5 y post No Tai Chi |
12 | No | Tai Chi (Yang-style) | ? Yes |
2 × 60, S-JE 2 × 60, Group E with video (n.g.) |
40 min: 5 reps × 6 min set, 42 type compositions each, 2 min rest (more details n.g.) | Tai Chi (Yang-Style) |
| 12 | No | Tai Chi-RT (includes 4 Chen style actions) | ? Yes |
2 × 60, S-JE 2 × 60, Group E with video (n.g.) |
40 min: 6 reps × 5min exercise, 2 min rest (more details n.g.) | Tai-Chi-RT (includes 4 Chen style actions) | ||
| Woo et al. (2007) | Healthy >8 y post Sedentary |
12 | No | Tai-Chi (Yang Style) | ? Yes |
3 × ?, S-JE (81%) | 24 forms of Yang-Style Tai Chi | Tai Chi (Yang-style) |
| 12 | No | DRT (arm-lifting, hip abduction, heel raise, hip-flexion,-extension, squat) using elastic bands | Yes Yes |
3 × ?, S-JE (76%) | Six exercises, 30 reps (no more information given) | L/M-Intensity DRT | ||
| Wu et al. (2006) | Healthy 4 ± 2 y post Sedentary |
12 | No | Walking | No Yes |
3 × 60, S-JE (n.g.)* | 45 min of walking with 5–6 km/h | L-Intensity WB-AET |
| Yamazaki et al. (2004) | ≥Osteopenia 17 ± 8 y post Sedentary |
12 | No | Walking | No Yes |
≥4 × 60, n.g. (presumably HE) (100%) | 8,000 steps/session at 50% VO2max | M-Intensity WB-AET |
*
Obviously low, according to the additional number steps/day compared with the sedentary control group. AET, aerobic exercise training; BSE, Bone specific exercise; DRT, dynamic resistance training; GRF, Ground Reaction Forces; HE, Home Exercise; JE, joint exercise program; PS, Partially supervised; PR-INT, Progression of intensity parameters; PrInt, Progression of Intensity; RPE, rate of perceived exertion; S, Supervised; SiSp, Site specifity (for LS and hip ROI); ?, no clear information; WB, weight bearing; TUT, time under tension; L, low; M, moderate; H, high. Status: We focus on osteoporosis/osteopenia and fractures reported only. Otherwise subjects were considered “healthy”; Period of menopausal status: In the case of no information, the mean age was reported; Physical activity: Predominately we used the characterization of the authors. In some cases (e.g., Martin and Notelovitz, 1993) we summarize the information given to no bone specific exercise (no BSE); Progression: We only consider the progression of exercise intensity; Type of exercise: We subsume the information given in weight-bearing (WB) vs. Non-WB aerobic exercise training (AET); resistance (RT) or dynamic resistance exercise (DRT), jumping, aquatic exercise or Tai Chi; Site specifity (SiSp): First line: Estimated site specific of the exercise type on LS-BMD; Second line: Estimated site specific of the exercise type on FN-BMD. E.g., we considered the effect of walking as site specific for FN but not for LS. Depending on the exercises applied, DRT was considered as site specific for both BMD-ROIs; Exercise volume/week; setting, attendance: Number of sessions per week × minutes per session (e.g., 3 × 60); setting of the exercise application, i.e., either supervised group exercise (S-JE) or home exercise or exercise individually performed without supervision (HE). In parenthesis: Attendance as defined as rate of sessions performed (%); Composition of strain/exercise parameters per session: AET: specific exercise (i.e., walking, jogging, aerobic dance), exercise duration, exercise intensity; DRT: exercises/number of exercises; number of sets, number of repetitions; exercise intensity; jumping: type of jumps, number of jumps, intensity of jumps; Tai-Chi: style, number of forms. ¤We did not include warm up in the table, if the authors did not report the duration and type of exercise as warm-up; cycle ergometer ≤ 5 min as warm-up, stretching and balance as cool-down have not been included in the table.