Table 3.
Assessment of risk of bias for included studies (n = 75).
| References | Eligibility criteria | Random allocation | Allocation concealment | Inter group homogeneity | Blinding subjects | Blinding personnel | Blinding assessors | participation≥ 85% allocation | Intention to treat analysisa | Between group comparison | Measure of variability | Total score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adami et al. (1999) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Basat et al. (2013) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Bassey et al. (1998) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Bassey and Ramsdale (1995) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Bello et al. (2014) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Bemben et al. (2010) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Bemben et al. (2000) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Bergstrom et al. (2008) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Bloomfield et al. (1993) | Y | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Bocalini et al. (2009) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Bolton et al. (2012) | Y | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Brooke-Wavell et al. (2001) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Brooke-Wavell et al. (1997) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Caplan et al. (1993) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Chan et al. (2004) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Chilibeck et al. (2013) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Chilibeck et al. (2002) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Choquette et al. (2011) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Chuin et al. (2009) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| de Matos et al. (2009) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Deng (2009) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| de Oliveira et al. (2019) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Duff et al. (2016) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Ebrahim et al. (1997) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Englund et al. (2005) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Evans et al. (2007) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Going et al. (2003) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Grove and Londeree (1992) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Hans et al. (2002) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Hartard et al. (1996) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Hatori et al. (1993) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Iwamoto et al. (2001) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Jessup et al. (2003) | Y | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Karakiriou et al. (2012) | Y | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Kemmler et al. (2013) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Kemmler et al. (2010) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 |
| Kemmler et al. (2004) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Kemmler (1999) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Kerr et al. (2001) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Kerr et al. (1996) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Kohrt et al. (1997) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Kohrt et al. (1995) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Korpelainen et al. (2006) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Kwon et al. (2008) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Lau et al. (1992) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 5 |
| Liu et al. (2015) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Lord et al. (1996) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Maddalozzo et al. (2007) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Marques et al. (2011b) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Marques et al. (2011c) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Martin and Notelovitz (1993) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Milliken et al. (2003) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Moreira et al. (2014) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Nelson et al. (1994) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Nelson et al. (1991) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Nichols et al. (1995) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Nicholson et al. (2015) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Orsatti et al. (2013) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Park et al. (2008) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 7 |
| Prince et al. (1995) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Pruitt et al. (1995) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Pruitt et al. (1992) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Rhodes et al. (2000) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Ryan et al. (1998) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Sakai et al. (2010) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Silverman et al. (2009) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
| Sinaki et al. (1989) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Sugiyama et al. (2002) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Tartibian et al. (2011) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Tolomio et al. (2009) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 5 |
| Verschueren et al. (2004) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Wang et al. (2015) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Woo et al. (2007) | Y | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 8 |
| Wu et al. (2006) | Y | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 6 |
| Yamazaki et al. (2004) | Y | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
a
The point is awarded not only for intention to treat analysis, but also when “all subjects for whom outcome measures were available received the treatment or control condition as allocated”. Mainly higher scores were hindered by the lack of allocation concealment, subject, therapies and assessor blinding, and reporting the key outcomes for ≥85% of subjects as the common limitations.