Table 4.

PP-LGM Time Varying Covariates

	b	β		b	β
Exposure to Violence (9th grade)			Firearm Carriage (9th grade)
Internalizing Symptoms (9th grade)	.33*	.25*	Internalizing Symptoms (9th grade)	.12*	.10*
Marijuana Use (9 th grade)	.03	.06	Marijuana Use (9th grade)	−.02	−.04
Alcohol Use (9th grade)	.07*	.13*	Alcohol Use (9th grade)	.08*	.16*
Cigarette Use (9th grade)	.06	.06	Cigarette Use (9th grade)	.17*	.20*
Future Expectations (9th grade)	−.13*	−.10*	Future Expectations (9th grade)	.07	.06
Exposure to Violence (10th grade)			Firearm Carriage (10th grade)
Internalizing Symptoms (10th grade)	.13*	.15*	Internalizing Symptoms (10th grade)	.05*	.07*
Marijuana Use (10th grade)	.07*	.19*	Marijuana Use (10th grade)	.02	.06
Alcohol Use (10th grade)	.05*	.10*	Alcohol Use (10th grade)	.05*	.12*
Cigarette Use (10th grade)	.01	.02	Cigarette Use (10th grade)	.03	.05
Future Expectations (10th grade)	−.10*	−.08*	Future Expectations (10th grade)	.02	.02
Exposure to Violence (11th grade)			Firearm Carriage (11th grade)
Internalizing Symptoms (11th grade)	.11*	.12*	nternalizing Symptoms (11th grade)	.02	.02
Marijuana Use (11th grade)	.04*	.14*	Marijuana Use (11th grade)	.06*	.17*
Alcohol Use (11th grade)	.06*	.16*	Alcohol Use (11th grade)	.03	.07
Cigarette Use (11th grade)	.05*	.10*	Cigarette Use (11th grade)	.07*	.12*
Future Expectations (11th grade)	−.08*	−.07*	Future Expectations (11th grade)	−.05	−.04
Exposure to Violence (12th grade)			Firearm Carriage (12th grade)
Internalizing Symptoms (12th grade)	.05*	.07*	Internalizing Symptoms (12th grade)	.04	.04
Marijuana Use (12th grade)	.03*	.10*	Marijuana Use (12th grade)	.02	.06
Alcohol Use (12th grade)	.07*	.20*	Alcohol Use (12th grade)	.06*	.13*
Cigarette Use (12th grade)	.06*	.14*	Cigarette Use (12th grade)	.07*	.11*
Future Expectations (12th grade)	−.07*	−.07*	Future Expectations (12th grade)	−.13*	−.10*

Note.

^*is statistically significant according to the bootstrap 95% confidence interval.