TABLE 7.
Association between the degree of contact with the COVID-19 disease and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic as well as mental health status during the pandemic (N = 3055).
| Variables | N (%) | Impact of event | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | ||||||||||||
| M (SD) | t | p | g* | M (SD) | t | p | g | M (SD) | t | p | g | M (SD) | t | p | g | ||
| Know someone with COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 2094 (68.5) | 27.51 (19.13) | −1.85 | 0.07 | 0.07 | 10.73 (9.95) | −0.2.55 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 6 (8.01) | −2.151 | 0.03 | 0.09 | 9.90 (10.04) | 0.160 | 0.87 | 0.01 |
| Yes | 961 (31.5) | 28.90 (19.37) | 11.72 (10.20) | 6.71 (8.57) | 9.84 (9.86) | ||||||||||||
| Close contact with someone diagnosed COVID-19 | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 2764 (90.5) | 27.71 (19.09) | −2.031 | 0.04 | 0.13 | 10.82 (9.93) | −3.451 | <0.01 | 0.23 | 6.06 (8.06) | −3.181 | <0.01 | 0.22 | 9.76 (9.90) | −1.911 | 0.06 | 0.13 |
| Yes | 291 (9.5) | 30.23 (20.27) | 13.10 (10.78) | 7.84 (9.23) | 11.01 (10.68) | ||||||||||||
| Close contact with someone with COVID-19 symptoms or (suspected) infected material | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 2316 (75.8) | 27.77 (19.34) | −0.90 | 0.37 | 0.04 | 10.71 (10.03) | −3.19 | <0.01 | 0.21 | 6.05 (8.14) | −2.07 | 0.04 | 0.09 | 9.76 (10.03) | −1.22 | 0.22 | 0.05 |
| Yes | 739 (24.2) | 28.50 (18.82) | 12.07 (10) | 6.77 (8.34) | 10.27 (9.82) | ||||||||||||
| Had COVID-19 symptoms | |||||||||||||||||
| No | 2855 (93.5) | 27.76 (19.21) | −2.10 | 0.04 | 0.15 | 10.86 (10.04) | −3.78 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 6.03 (8.12) | −4.90 | <0.001 | 0.36 | 9.73 (9.95) | −3.25 | <0.01 | 0.24 |
| Yes | 200 (6.5) | 30.71 (19.98) | 13.63 (9.62) | 8.96 (8.74) | 12.09 (10.13) | ||||||||||||
1Homoscedascity could not be assumed for these variables and thus the t-test results adjusted for non-homogeneous variances were used. * g = Hedges’ g effect size statistic. Interpretation: negligible < 0.20 < small < 0.50 < medium < 0.80 < large.