Table 5.
Association of race/ethnicity with antidepressant medication use, among those reporting clinically significant depressive symptoms (PHQ-8 ≥ 10) as well as clinician diagnosis of depression
| Outcome (n=466) | Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Hispanic Whitea (n=232) | Black (n=165) | Hispanic, Asian and Other race/ethnicity (n=69) | |
| Medication / Counseling Useb | |||
| Model 1c | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.56 (0.35-0.89) | 1.47 (0.68-3.20) |
| Model 2d,g | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.44 (0.26-0.74) | 1.33 (0.60-2.96) |
| Model 3e,g | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.38 (0.22-0.66) | 1.31 (0.58-2.97) |
| Model 4f,g | 1.00 (Ref) | 0.42 (0.24-0.74) | 1.34 (0.59-3.05) |
Abbreviations: PHQ-8 - Patient Health Questionnaire-8
Non-Hispanic White participants were the reference group.
Medication / counseling use was determined based on self-reported use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or other medications for depression and/or counseling for depression.
Model 1 was analyzed as a univariate model,
Model 2 was adjusted for demographic factors.
Model 3 adjusted for demographic and lifestyle/behavioral factors,
Model 4 adjusted for demographic, lifestyle/behavioral and comorbidity factors.
In this small sample size analysis, to avoid quasi-separation issues / undefined estimates in the adjusted models, we imputed the mean value to missing body mass index, the median value to physical activity, and the largest education category to those missing education information. We combined some categories to create binary variables: smoking use (ever/never smoker) and alcohol frequency use (daily vs. non-daily use). For comorbidity variables such as history of hypertension, diabetes and high cholesterol: missing participants were combined to reference (‘no’) categories.