TABLE 1.

Selected studies that assess the effects of cognitive-motor interference on long-term memory.

Authors	Age (years)	Number	Intervention type	Memory task & test	Retention interval	Comparison conditions	Results
Arousal and Neuropsychological Theories
Soga et al., 2017	22	20	Cycling (12 min) Moderate intensity 60–70% HRmax	Visual source memory task Retrieval	5 min	Within subject	DTCs1 lower item recognition accuracy
Frith et al., 2017	22	88	Treadmill running (15 min) Vigorous (RPE 16-20)	Auditory Verbal Learning Task Prospective Memory	20 min 24 h	Control Pre-3 encoding Post-4 encoding	20 min: Free call Pre3 > SIM/ Control 24 h: Recognition Pre > SIM/ After
Sng et al., 2018	23	88	Treadmill walking (15 min) Preferred pace Moderate intensity 58% HRmax	Auditory Verbal Learning Test Prospective memory	20 min 24 h	Control Pre- encoding Post- encoding	20 min: Free recall Pre > SIM & Post Control > Post 24 h: Recognition Pre > SIM & Post Attribution Pre > Post Control > Post
Tomporowski et al., 2017	22	24	Isometric hand grip (100 s) 50%max/10%max	Visual word list Free recall Recognition	Immediate Delayed (5 min)	Within subject	DTCs during encoding: Lower word recall & recognition
Attention Theories
Lindenberger et al., 2000	60–70 40–50 20–30	47 45 48	Walking (170 s) (Simple/Complex)	Auditory word list Serial recall	10 s	Standing Sitting	DTCs increased with age DTCs in young
Li et al., 2001	60–75 20–30	40 37	Walking (Adapted speed/ Complexity)	Auditory word list Serial recall	10-s	Single task	DTCs increased with age
Epling et al., 2016	28	12	Vigorous running (5 min) (Adapted speed)	Auditory word list Free recall	Immediate	Single task	DTCs for words
Green and Helton, 2011	22	12	Traverse wall climbing (3 min)	Auditory word list Free recall	Immediate	Single task (Seated)	DTCs for words
Darling and Helton, 2014	27	12	Traverse wall climb (5 min)	Auditory word list Free recall	Immediate	Single task (Seated)	DTCs for words
Cognitive Energetic Theories
Toumpaniari et al., 2015	4–5	67	Animal imitation Gesture Verbal repetition	Visual word-pair list Cued recall	4 weeks	Seated	SIM2 > Gesture > Seated
Mavilidi et al., 2016	4–5	87	Animal imitation movement to spatial locations (30 min) Running (30 min)	Object name-location paired association Name- location recall	Immediate 5 weeks	Seated observation	Immediate: SIM = Run > Seated Delayed: SIM = Run > Seated
Mavilidi et al., 2017	4–5	86	Running to spatial locations (10 min) Running (undirected) (10 min)	Object name-location paired association Name-location recall Recognition	Immediate 6 weeks	Seated observation	Immediate + delayed: SIM > Run > Seated
Mavilidi et al., 2018a	4–5	120	Running, jumping, skipping along spatial number line (15 min) Running (15 min)	Counting Number line estimation Block counting Numerical magnitude comparison Numerical identification	Immediate 6 weeks	Seated observation Control	Immediate + delayed: IPA5 > NIPA6
Schmidt et al., 2019	8–10	104	Animal imitation Verbal repetition	Auditory-Visual word-pair list Cued recall	Immediate	Seated	IPA5 & NIPA6 > Seated
Entrainment & Embodied Learning Theories
Schmidt-Kassow et al., 2013	22	81	Cycling (30 min) 69% HRmax	Auditory word list Cued recall	48 h	Seated rest Pre exercise	SIM > Rest/Pre
Schmidt-Kassow et al., 2014, Exp #1 Exp #2	22 22	18 31	Treadmill (30 min) Light intensity Treadmill (30 min) Light intensity	Auditory word list Cued recall Auditory word list Cued recall	24 h 24 h	Within subject Within subject	SIM > Rest SIM > Rest

DTCs¹ = Dual-Task Costs; SIM² = Simultaneous; Pre³ = Exercise prior encoding; Post⁴ = Exercise after encoding; IPA⁵ = Integrated physical activity; and NIPA⁶ = Nonintegrated physical activity.