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. 2020 Jun 29;5(6):e002316. doi: 10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002316

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Results of the analysis comparing risk factor effects between urban versus rural areas. Prevalence ratios and confidence intervals by urban status are presented for each risk factor. Urban results are presented with blue triangles, rural results with red circles. Differences in point estimates indicate differences of the prevalence ratio by urbanicity. The associations of several factors, such as modern housing, education, and wealth, demonstrated differences between urban and rural areas. The null value (Prevalence Ratio = 1) is indicated with a vertical dashed line.