Table 2.

Risk factor analysis results

Variable	Prevalence Ratio	95% CI	P value*
Individual level
Age (scaled)	0.86	0.83 to 0.89	<0.001
Female sex	0.83	0.78 to 0.88	<0.001
HIV positive	0.63	0.38 to 1.03	0.067
Education category:
No school (REF)	--	--	--
Primary school	1.05	0.92 to 1.18	0.473
Secondary school	0.98	0.85 to 1.13	0.761
Higher than secondary	0.51	0.38 to 0.70	<0.001
Wealth category
Poorest (REF)	--	--	--
Poor	0.93	0.83 to 1.04	0.189
Middle	0.95	0.85 to 1.06	0.330
Rich	0.87	0.73 to 1.02	0.088
Richest	0.50	0.40 to 0.61	<0.001
Owns a net	0.92	0.82 to 1.03	0.138
Slept under LLIN	0.83	0.76 to 0.91	<0.001
Net type
No net (REF)	--	--	--
Permethrin	0.94	0.78 to 1.12	0.477
Alphacypermethrin	0.68	0.38 to 1.22	0.198
Deltamethrin	0.81	0.73 to 0.91	<0.001
Household level
Net ratio†	0.85	0.76 to 0.95	0.003
Modern housing	0.58	0.49 to 0.69	<0.001
Metal roofing	0.66	0.58 to 0.75	<0.001
Cluster level
Urban	0.70	0.59 to 0.83	<0.001
LLIN ownership‡	0.97	0.93 to 1.00	0.058
LLIN usage‡	0.98	0.92 to 1.04	0.457
LLIN usage (deltamethrin and alphacypermethrin nets only)‡	0.95	0.90 to 1.00	0.040
Education	0.91	0.79 to 1.04	0.174
Wealth	0.87	0.83 to 0.92	<0.001
Precipitation (scaled)	1.06	0.97 to 1.17	0.179
Temperature (scaled)	1.32	1.23 to 1.42	<0.001
Temperature range (scaled)	0.91	0.85 to 0.98	<0.001
Vegetation index (scaled)	1.18	1.09 to 1.27	<0.001
SP use among pregnant women‡	0.92	0.89 to 0.96	<0.001
Drug resistance prevalence‡
Pfdhps A437G	0.88	0.85 to 0.91	<0.001
pfdhps K540E	0.95	0.93 to 0.98	<0.001
pfdhps A581G	0.89	0.85 to 0.94	<0.001
pfcrt K76T	0.93	0.91 to 0.96	<0.001

*P value of the test of the null hypothesis that the Prevalence Ratio=1. Values below 0.05 are bolded.

†Ratio ≥0.5 vs <0.5.

‡Logit transformed.

LLIN, long-lasting insecticide net; SP, sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.