Table 2.
Summary of the application of reverse genetics in live attenuated vaccines of different members of Coronaviridae.
| Coronaviridae | Virus | Mutation sites | Evaluation | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alphacoronavirus | PEDV | nsp15: H262A | Attenuation | Deng et al. (2019) |
| nsp16: KDKE/AAAA | Attenuation and protective immunity against parental strain infection | Hou et al. (2019a) | ||
| S: ΔYxxΦEKVHVQ of the S protein or Δ197aa | ΔYxxΦEKVHVQ: attenuation Δ197aa: attenuation, reduces the protection |
Hou et al., 2017, Hou et al., 2019b | ||
| ORF3: ΔORF3 | Attenuation | Beall et al. (2016) | ||
| Betacoronavirus | MERS-CoV | Deletion: ΔE,3, 4a, 4b, and 5 | None | Almazan et al. (2013) |
| nsp16: D130A | Attenuation and protection against a lethal MERS-CoV challenge | Menachery et al. (2017a) | ||
| MHV | nsp1: Δ99 nts (829–927 nt) or Δ27 nts between nts 780–808 (LLRKxGxKG) | Δ99 nts: attenuation and protection of mice from homologous and heterologous viral infections Δ27 nts: attenuation and protection against challenge with WT MHV-A59 virus |
Lei et al. (2013) and Zust et al. (2007) | |
| nsp2: Δnsp2 | None | Graham et al. (2005) | ||
| nsp3: V787S or N1347A | V787S: reduced pathogenesis and protection against challenge with WT virus N1347A: reductions in lethality and weight loss |
Fehr et al. (2015) and Mielech et al. (2015) | ||
| nsp5: T26I/D65G | Attenuation | Deng et al. (2014) | ||
| nsp15: H262A | Attenuation and protective immunity against WT virus infection | Deng et al. (2017) | ||
| SARS-CoV | nsp1: ΔLLRKNGNKG (121–129aa)ΔEDYEQNWNTKH(154–164aa) | No significant weight loss and 100% survived the challenge | Jimenez-Guardeno et al. (2015) | |
| nsp2: Δnsp2 | None | Graham et al. (2005) | ||
| nsp3: N1040A | Attenuation | Fehr et al. (2016) | ||
| nsp14: D90A/E92A | Reductions in weight loss and lung titer | Graham et al. (2012) | ||
| nsp16: D130A | Attenuation in a variety of pathogenic outcomes and minimal weight loss | Menachery et al. (2014) | ||
| E: ΔPBM of the E protein | Decreased lung pathology | Jimenez-Guardeno et al. (2014) | ||
| Gammacoronavirus | IBV | Δ3ab/5ab | Attenuation and protection against a homologous challenge | Van Beurden et al. (2018) |
| Δ3ab/5ab of Beaudette and the S gene was replaced by the S gene from the M14 strain | Attenuation and protection against a M14 strain challenge | Van Beurden et al. (2018) | ||
| Deltacoronavirus | PDCoV | NS6:ΔNS6 | Attenuation | Zhang et al. (2020) |