Table 2. Online experiment.
| Version 1 | Version 2 | Version 3 | Version 4 | Version Effect | Paranoia Effect | Interaction | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low Paranoia (n=45) | High Paranoia (n=20) | Low Paranoia (n=69) | High Paranoia (n=18) | Low Paranoia (n=56) | High Paranoia (n=16) | Low Paranoia (n=64) | High Paranoia (n=19) | Statistic | p-value | Statistic | p-value | Statistic | p-value | |
| Demographics | ||||||||||||||
| Age (years) | 36.5 [1.5] | 35.4 [2.4] | 36.2 [1.4] | 39.5 [2.8] | 38.6 [1.6] | 32.9 [1.7] | 37.6 [1.3] | 30.7 [1.6] | 1.12 (3)†† | 0.342 | 3.202 (1)†† | 0.075 | 2.619 (3)†† | 0.051 |
| Gender | 7.29 (6)‡ | 0.238§ | 1.373 (2)‡ | 0.503§ | n/a | n/a | ||||||||
| % Female | 44.4% | 45.0% | 47.8% | 50.0% | 50.0% | 62.5% | 57.8% | 73.7% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Male | 55.6% | 55.0% | 50.7% | 50.0% | 50.0% | 37.5% | 42.2% | 26.3% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Other or not specified | 0% | 0% | 1.4% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Education | 15.9 (21)‡ | 0.812|| | 7.326 (7)‡ | 0.4§ | n/a | n/a | ||||||||
| % High school degree or equivalent | 17.8% | 20.0% | 13.0% | 16.7% | 16.1% | 6.3% | 25.0% | 10.5% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Some college or university, no degree | 22.2% | 30.0% | 24.6% | 22.2% | 17.9% | 25.0% | 25.0% | 26.3% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Associate degree | 13.3% | 15.0% | 17.4% | 22.2% | 12.5% | 12.5% | 9.4% | 21.1% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Bachelor's degree | 33.3% | 35.0% | 40.6% | 22.2% | 35.7% | 56.3% | 28.1% | 31.6% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Master's degree | 8.9% | 0% | 2.9% | 0% | 14.3% | 0% | 7.8% | 10.5% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Doctorate or professional degree | 4.4% | 0% | 0% | 5.6% | 1.8% | 0% | 1.6% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Completed some postgraduate | 0% | 0% | 1.4% | 5.6% | 1.8% | 0% | 3.1% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Other / not specified | 0% | 0% | 0% | 5.6% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Income | 14.961 (18)‡ | .671|| | 1.177 (6)‡ | 0.981§ | n/a | n/a | ||||||||
| Less than $20,000 | 24.4% | 25.0% | 24.6% | 33.3% | 17.9% | 37.5% | 23.4% | 15.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| $20,000 to $34,999 | 40.0% | 25.0% | 20.3% | 22.2% | 33.9% | 31.3% | 28.1% | 31.6% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| $35,000 to $49,999 | 15.6% | 15.0% | 18.8% | 16.7% | 12.5% | 6.3% | 18.8% | 15.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| $50,000 to $74,999 | 13.3% | 35.0% | 20.3% | 5.6% | 21.4% | 12.5% | 18.8% | 21.1% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| $75,000 to $99,999 | 4.4% | 0% | 7.2% | 11.1% | 8.9% | 6.3% | 7.8% | 15.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Over $100,000 | 0% | 0% | 5.8% | 5.6% | 3.6% | 6.3% | 1.6% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Not specified | 2.2% | 0% | 2.9% | 5.6% | 1.8% | 0% | 1.6% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Cognitive Reflection | 11.922 (9)‡ | 0.223|| | 7.002 (3)‡ | 0.071§ | n/a | n/a | ||||||||
| % Answering 0/3 correctly | 11.1% | 25.0% | 10.1% | 11.1% | 17.9% | 25.0% | 15.6% | 26.3% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Answering 1/3 correctly | 4.4% | 5.0% | 15.9% | 11.1% | 8.9% | 25.0% | 14.1% | 15.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Answering 2/3 correctly | 13.3% | 25.0% | 15.9% | 16.7% | 19.6% | 25.0% | 21.9% | 31.6% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Answering 3/3 correctly | 71.1% | 45.0% | 58.0% | 61.1% | 53.6% | 25.0% | 48.4% | 26.3% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Ethnicity | 5.162 (3)‡ | 0.157§ | 3.715 (1)‡ | 0.069§ | n/a | n/a | ||||||||
| % Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 4.4% | 15.0% | 1.4% | 0% | 8.9% | 6.3% | 1.6% | 15.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin | 95.6% | 85.0% | 98.6% | 100.0% | 91.1% | 93.8% | 98.4% | 84.2% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Race | 19.559 (15)‡ | .173|| | 9.626 (5)‡ | 0.084§ | n/a | n/a | ||||||||
| % White | 82.2% | 75.0% | 84.1% | 88.9% | 85.7% | 75.0% | 85.9% | 73.7% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Black or African American | 6.7% | 15.0% | 5.8% | 11.1% | 0% | 12.5% | 4.7% | 10.5% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Asian | 8.9% | 10.0% | 7.2% | 0% | 3.6% | 6.3% | 7.8% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % American Indian or Alaska Native | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 1.8% | 6.3% | 0% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Multiracial | 2.2% | 0% | 1.4% | 0% | 3.6% | 0% | 1.6% | 15.8% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Other / not specified | 0% | 0% | 1.4% | 0% | 5.4% | 0% | 0% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Mental Health | ||||||||||||||
| Psychiatric diagnosis | 10.783 (9)‡ | 0.292|| | 2.960 (3)‡ | 0.361§ | n/a | n/a | ||||||||
| % No psychiatric diagnosis | 73.3% | 80.0% | 60.9% | 55.6% | 71.4% | 50.0% | 65.6% | 42.1% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Schizophrenia spectrum | 2.2% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 0% | 6.3% | 0% | 0% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Mood disorder | 13.3% | 15.0% | 27.5% | 22.2% | 21.4% | 43.8% | 26.6% | 31.6% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Not specified | 11.1% | 5.0% | 11.6% | 22.2% | 7.1% | 0% | 7.8% | 26.3% | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| % Medicated | 8.9% | 10.0% | 13.0% | 22.2% | 7.1% | 31.3% | 14.1% | 10.5% | 3.575 (6)‡ | 0.744§ | 4.164 (2)‡ | 0.121§ | n/a | n/a |
| Beck's Anxiety Inventory | 0.34 [0.06] | 0.52 [0.14] | 0.31 [0.04] | 0.6 [0.13] | 0.24 [0.04] | 0.90 [0.20] | 0.33 [0.06] | 0.79 [0.18] | 1.244 (3)† | 0.2941 | 38.752 (1)†† | 1.63E-09 | 2.577 (3)†† | 0.0539 |
| Beck's Depression Inventory | 0.36 [0.07] | 0.86 [0.15] | 0.32 [0.05] | 0.79 [0.13] | 0.25 [0.04] | 1.03 [0.19] | 0.38 [0.07] | 1.06 [0.20] | 1.023 (3)† | 0.3827 | 74.528 (1)†† | 3.62E-16 | 1.089 (3)†† | 0.3542 |
| SCID Paranoia Personality Score | 0.11 [0.02] | 0.67 [0.04] | 0.11 [0.02] | 0.61 [0.03] | 0.1 [0.02] | 0.72 [0.04] | 0.11 [0.02] | 0.65 [0.03] | 1.297 (3)† | 0.2756 | 879.379 (1)†† | 4.81E-91 | 2.018 (3)†† | 0.1114 |
| Reversal Learning Performance | ||||||||||||||
| Total points earned | 8656.7 [182.9] | 8372.5 [405.2] | 6045.7 [135.7] | 6266.7 [288.0] | 7533.0 [143.8] | 6503.1 [340.6] | 7171.1 [175.6] | 6510.5 [403.6] | 32.288 (3)† | 4.16E-18 | 6.175 (1)†† | 0.0135 | 2.258 (3)†† | 0.0818 |
| Total reversals achieved | 7.2 [0.3] | 6.5 [0.5] | 5.5 [0.3] | 5.7 [0.5] | 6.3 [0.3] | 4.9 [0.8] | 5.9 [0.3] | 4.8 [0.6] | 4.329 (3)† | 0.005 | 5.762 (1)†† | 0.017 | 1.101 (3)†† | 0.349 |
| % Achieving reversals | 100% | 100% | 98.6% | 94.4% | 100% | 87.5% | 96.9% | 94.7% | 2.26 (3)‡ | 0.598§ | 4.4 (1)‡ | 0.058§ | n/a | n/a |
| Win-switch rate, block 1 (90-50-10) | 0.09 [0.03] | 0.09 [0.04] | 0.07 [0.01] | 0.11 [0.05] | 0.04 [0.01] | 0.13 [0.05] | 0.1 [0.03] | 0.21 [0.06] | 2.284 (3)† | 0.079 | 7.117 (1)†† | 0.008 | 1.15 (3)†† | 0.329 |
| Win-switch rate, block 2 (80-40-20) | 0.05 [0.02] | 0.08 [0.03] | 0.04 [0.01] | 0.05 [0.04] | 0.02 [0.01] | 0.12 [0.05] | 0.06 [0.02] | 0.15 [0.05] | 2.067 (3)† | 0.105 | 9.918 (1)†† | 0.002 | 1.174 (3)†† | 0.32 |
| Lose-stay rate, block 1 (90-50-10) | 0.27 [0.03] | 0.34 [0.05] | 0.37 [0.03] | 0.34 [0.04] | 0.3 [0.03] | 0.39 [0.06] | 0.32 [0.03] | 0.34 [0.04] | 0.561 (3)† | 0.641 | 1.834 (1)†† | 0.177 | 0.754 (3)†† | 0.521 |
| Lose-stay rate, block 2 (80-40-20) | 0.28 [0.03] | 0.23 [0.05] | 0.4 [0.03] | 0.32 [0.05] | 0.33 [0.03] | 0.37 [0.06] | 0.29 [0.03] | 0.33 [0.06] | 2.47 (3)† | 0.062 | 0.177 (1)†† | 0.674 | 0.834 (3)†† | 0.476 |
| Reaction time, block 1 | 433.6 [28.8] | 789.3 [282.7] | 548.1 [77.8] | 365.6 [26.4] | 448 [60.1] | 442.1 [59.5] | 557.2 [108.2] | 530 [130.2] | 0.793 (3)† | 0.499 | 0.161 (1)†† | 0.689 | 1.727 (3)†† | 0.161 |
| Reaction time, block 2 | 370.7 [23.3] | 494.3 [88.6] | 465.3 [61.6] | 331.4 [22.9] | 391.7 [52.3] | 555.9 [121.2] | 385.4 [29.2] | 504.1 [82.7] | 0.394 (3)† | 0.757 | 1.92 (1)†† | 0.167 | 1.949 (3)†† | 0.122 |
† Univariate analysis, F(df) with df error = 306 Exact test, ‡chi-square coefficient (df), § Exact significance (2-sided), || Monte Carlo significance (2-sided).