Table 3.

Statistically Significant Fixed Effects and Parameter Estimates (β) of the Influences of Changes in Axial Length

	β	P
Model 1 – total HOA RMS
Intercept	19.00	<0.001
Sex*	−0.46	<0.001
ln(age)	2.33	<0.001
Baseline spherical equivalent refraction	−0.24	<0.001
RMS of total HOA	0.96	<0.001
Time by RMS of total HOA	−0.43	<0.001
Model 2 – specific RMS (spherical and comatic)
Intercept	19.23	<0.001
Sex*	−0.45	0.002
ln(age)	2.23	<0.001
Baseline spherical equivalent refraction	−0.24	<0.001
RMS of spherical aberrations	0.91	0.008
Time by RMS of spherical aberrations	−0.39	0.007
Model 3 – spherical Zernike terms (${\mathrm{Z}}_4^0$ and ${\mathrm{Z}}_6^0$)
Intercept	19.30	<0.001
Sex*	−0.46	<0.001
ln(age)	2.28	<0.001
Baseline spherical equivalent refraction	−0.22	<0.001
Baseline primary spherical aberration (${\mathrm{Z}}_4^0$)	−1.42	0.012
Baseline secondary spherical aberration (${\mathrm{Z}}_6^0$)	9.28	0.012
Primary spherical aberration (${\mathrm{Z}}_4^0$)	0.99	0.007
Time by primary spherical aberration (${\mathrm{Z}}_4^0$)	−0.46	0.004
Model 4 – comatic Zernike terms (${\mathrm{Z}}_3^{-1}$, ${\mathrm{Z}}_3^1$, ${\mathrm{Z}}_5^{-1}$, and ${\mathrm{Z}}_5^1$)
Intercept	19.51	<0.001
Sex*	−0.49	<0.001
ln(age)	2.03	<0.001
Baseline spherical equivalent refraction	−0.24	<0.001

Other parameters and interactions showing statistical insignificance are not shown.

^*Parameter estimate for girls.