Table 1.
Comparison of characteristics, comorbidities, and risk factors between patients with Candida infective endocarditis and those without Candida infective endocarditis.
| CIE | Non-CIE | Total | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (n = 47) | (n = 1826) | P valuea | (n = 1873) |
| Age in years, median (IQR) | 56 (44–68) | 59 (46–70) | .820 | 59 (46–70) |
| Sex | … | … | .672 | … |
| Male, n (%) | 26 (55.3) | 953 (52.2) | … | 979 (52.3) |
| Female, n (%) | 21 (44.7) | 873 (47.8) | … | 894 (47.7) |
| Comorbidities | … | … | … | … |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6 (12.8) | 433 (23.7) | .080 | 439 (23.4) |
| Chronic kidney disease, n (%) | 8 (17.0) | 297 (16.3) | .890 | 305 (16.3) |
| Chronic liver disease, n (%) | 3 (6.4) | 124 (6.8) | 1 | 127 (6.8) |
| Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 22 (46.8) | 763 (41.8) | .491 | 785 (41.9) |
| Malignancy | ||||
| Hematologic malignancyb, n (%) | 1 (2.1) | 345 (18.9) | .004 | 346 (18.5) |
| Solid organ malignancy, n (%) | 9 (19.1) | 640 (35.0) | .024 | 649 (34.7) |
| Other potential predisposing factors | ||||
| Valvular heart disease, n (%) | 17 (36.2) | 394 (21.6) | .017 | 411 (21.9) |
| TPN, n (%) | 6 (12.8) | 489 (26.8) | .031 | 495 (26.4) |
| Presence of CVC, n (%) | 17 (36.2) | 482 (26.4) | .135 | 499 (26.6) |
| Removal of CVC | … | … | .935 | … |
| ≤72 hours, n (%) | 14 (29.8) | 471 (25.8) | … | 485 (25.9) |
| >72 hours, n (%) | 4 (8.5) | 141 (7.7) | … | 145 (7.7) |
| Neutropeniac, n (%) | 0 (0) | 137 (7.5) | .045 | 137 (7.3) |
| Bone marrow transplant, n (%) | 0 (0) | 36 (2.0) | 1 | 36 (1.9) |
| Cancer chemotherapy, n (%) | 0 (0) | 111 (6.1) | .110 | 111 (5.9) |
| Exposure to corticosteroid within 90 days prior to candidemia, n (%) | 6 (12.8) | 523 (28.6) | .002 | 529 (28.2) |
| Any inpatient GI procedure, n (%) | 4 (8.5) | 168 (9.2) | 1 | 172 (9.2) |
| Laboratory values | … | … | … | … |
| Absolute neutrophil count, as cells/mm3, median (IQR) | 6.3 (3.9–10.1) | 5.7 (3.1–9.4) | .261 | 5.7 (3.1–9.5) |
| Platelet count, as 103/µl, median (IQR) | 157 (105–286) | 143 (53–233) | .063 | 143 (55–233) |
| Candida spp. isolated | … | … | .013 | … |
| Candida albicans, n (%) | 28 (59.6) | 889 (48.7) | … | 917 (49.0) |
| Non-albicans Candida | … | … | … | … |
| C. glabrata, n (%) | 2 (4.2) | 388 (21.3) | … | 390 (20.8) |
| C. parapsilosis, n (%) | 7 (14.9) | 297 (16.3) | … | 304 (16.2) |
| C. tropicalis, n (%) | 6 (12.8) | 133 (7.3) | … | 139 (7.4) |
| C. krusei, n (%) | 0 (0) | 59 (3.2) | … | 59 (3.2) |
| Others, n (%) | 4d (8.5) | 60e (3.3) | … | 64 (3.4) |
| Duration of candidemia in days, median (IQR) | 3 (2.0–5.5) | 3 (2.0–4.0) | .052 | 3 (2.0–4.0) |
| Persistent candidemia, n (%) | 27 (57.4) | 711 (38.9) | .010 | 738 (39.4) |
| Onset of candidemia | … | … | .032 | … |
| Community-acquired, n (%) | 27 (57.4) | 763 (41.8) | … | 790 (42.2) |
| Nosocomial, n (%) | 20 (42.6) | 1063 (58.2) | … | 1083 (57.8) |
CIE, candida infective endocarditis; IQR, interquartile range; TPN, total parenteral nutrition; CVC, central venous catheter; GI, gastrointestinal.
a P values for continuous variable were calculated using Mann-Whitney U statistic tests, while P values for categorical variable were obtained using either χ2 or Fisher exact tests, as appropriate.
bIncluded leukemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma.
cAbsolute neutrophil count of < 1500 cells/mm3.
d C. dubliniensis (2), C. lusitaniae (1), and Candida spp. (1).
e C. dubliniensis (20), C. lusitaniae (16), C. guilliermondii (13), C. kefyr (3), and Candida spp. (8).