TABLE 1.

Characteristics of prospective cohort studies that evaluated the associations between dietary LA intake and mortality from all-causes, CVD, and/or cancer¹

Study name, location	First author, year (ref)	Mean follow-up, y	Total sample size, n	Total deaths, n	CVD deaths, n	Cancer death	Mortality type	Baseline age, y	Male,%	Dietary data	Mean/median of LA	Other baseline conditions	Covariates adjusted
ATBC, Finland	Pietinen, 1997 (28)	6.1	21,930	—	635	—	CAD	56.6	100	Baseline SFFQ	6.9 energy-adjusted g/d	All smokers	Age, treatment group, smoking, BMI, blood pressure, intakes of energy, alcohol, and fiber (quintiles), education (<7, 7–11, >11  y), and physical activity (<1, 1–2, >2  times/wk), trans-, cis-MUFAs and SFAs
NHS, USA	Wang, 2016 (29)	30.2	83,349	20,314	4000	7919	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	46	0	Repeated SFFQ	4.8% of energy	—	Age, race, marital status, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, current aspirin use, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of diabetes, family history of cancer, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, intakes of total energy and dietary cholesterol, percentage of energy intake from dietary protein, and menopausal status and hormone use in women; all models also included percentages of energy intake from remaining FAs (SFAs, PUFAs, MUFAs, trans-FAs, ω-6 PUFAs, ω-3 PUFAs, LA/ALA, AA, and marine ω-3 FAs)
	Holmes, 1999 (30)2	13.1	1982	378	—	—	All-cause	54	0	Repeated SFFQ	—	Breast cancer	Age, diet interval, calendar year of diagnosis, BMI, oral contraception use, menopausal status, postmenopausal hormone use, smoking, age at first birth and parity, number of metastatic lymph nodes, tumor size, and caloric intake
	Jiao, 2019 (31)2	11	9053	1945	481	297	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	72.2	0	Repeated SFFQ	—	Type 2 diabetes	Age, sex, survey period, ethnicity, BMI at diagnosis, physical activity, smoking status, smoking pack years, alcohol consumption, multivitamin use, current aspirin use, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of diabetes, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of hypertension, duration of diabetes, total energy intake, dietary cholesterol, and percentage of energy from dietary protein and remaining FAs
HPFS, USA	Wang, 2016 (29)	19.8	42,884	12,990	3878	4192	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	53.2	100	Repeated SFFQ	5% of energy	—	Age, race, marital status, BMI, physical activity, smoking status, alcohol consumption, multivitamin use, vitamin E supplement use, current aspirin use, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of diabetes, family history of cancer, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, intakes of total energy and dietary cholesterol, percentage of energy intake from dietary protein, and menopausal status and hormone use in women; all models also included percentages of energy intake from remaining FAs (SFAs, PUFAs, MUFAs, trans-FAs, ω-6 PUFAs, ω-3 PUFAs, LA/ALA, AA, and marine ω-3 FAs)
	Richman, 2013 (32)2	8.4	4577	1064	—	—	All-cause	69	100	Repeated SFFQ	4.9% of energy	Prostate cancer	Age, energy, time since diagnosis treatment, Gleason sum, clinical stage, diagnostic prostate specific antigen, number of prostate-specific antigen screening tests prior to diagnosis, BMI, smoking, vigorous activity, and intake of calcium, alcohol, protein, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat, trans fat, LA/ALA/PUFA, long-chain ω-3 FAs, and prediagnostic intake of polyunsaturated fat based on the 1986 FFQ, high blood pressure at prostate cancer diagnosis, elevated cholesterol at prostate cancer diagnosis, diabetes mellitus at prostate cancer diagnosis, parental history of myocardial infarction before age 60, comorbidity of CVD, emphysema, COPD, or PD
	Jiao, 2019 (31)2	11	2211	557	165	154	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	73.1	100	Repeated SFFQ	—	Type 2 diabetes	Age, sex, survey period, ethnicity, BMI at diagnosis, physical activity, smoking status, smoking pack years, alcohol consumption, multivitamin use, current aspirin use, family history of myocardial infarction, family history of diabetes, history of hypercholesterolemia, history of hypertension, duration of diabetes, total energy intake, dietary cholesterol, and percentage of energy from dietary protein, and remaining FAs
MRFIT, USA	Dolecek, 1992 (22)	10.5	6258	5223	232	132	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	35–57	100	Repeated 24-h dietary recall	14.6 g/d	High-CVD-risk population	Age, race, smoking, baseline diastolic blood pressure, HDL, LDL, alcohol
	Dolecek, 1991 (23)	10.5	6258	4393	232	132	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	35–57	100	Repeated 24-h dietary recall	14.6 g/d	High-CVD-risk population	Age, race, baseline smoking, diastolic blood pressure, HDL and LDL concentrations
Italian elderly, Italy	Fortes, 2000 (33)	5	162	53	—	—	All-cause	80	32	Baseline SFFQ interviewed	11.53 g/d	—	Age, sex, education, BMI, smoking, cognitive function, and chronic diseases
CSPOC-BC, USA	McEligot, 2006 (34)	6.7	516	96	—	—	All-cause	64.8	0	Baseline SFFQ	8.49% of energy	Breast cancer	Age, stage of disease, BMI, parity, hormone replacement therapy uses, alcohol use, multivitamin use, and energy intake
KIHD, Finland	Laaksonen, 2005 (35)	14.6	1551	220	78	—	All-cause and CVD	52	100	Baseline 4-d food record	3.5% of energy	—	Age, year of examination, smoking, alcohol consumption, adult socioeconomic status, moderate to vigorous leisure-time physical activity, plasma lipid-standardized α-tocopherol concentrations, plasma ascorbic acid, dietary total energy and energy-adjusted saturated fat and fiber intake, LDL cholesterol concentrations, systolic blood pressure, blood pressure medication, family history of ischemic heart disease, C-reactive protein concentrations, fasting concentrations of insulin and nonesterified FAs, and BMI
LIBCSP, USA	Khankari, 2015 (36)	14.7	1463	485	—	210	All-cause and breast cancer	20–98	0	Baseline SFFQ	7.44 g/d	Breast cancer	Age, total energy intake (kcal/d)
ARIC-Men, USA	Farvid, 2014 (4)	9.2	5240	—	51	—	CAD	54	100	FFQ	4.37% of energy	—	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFAs (or carbohydrate), MUFAs, PUFAs other than LA, fiber intake, hypertension, and education
FMC-Men, Finland	Farvid, 2014 (4)	10	2712	—	147	—	CAD	47	100	Dietary history	1.49% of energy	—	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFAs (or carbohydrate), MUFAs, PUFAs other than LA, fiber intake, hypertension, and education
FMC-Women, Finland	Farvid, 2014 (4)	10	2481	—	48	—	CAD	49	0	Dietary history	1.47% of energy	—	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFAs (or carbohydrate), MUFAs, PUFAs other than LA, fiber intake, hypertension, and education
VIP-Men, Sweden	Farvid, 2014 (4)	10	9521	—	38	—	CAD	52	100	FFQ	3.37% of energy	—	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFAs (or carbohydrate), MUFAs, PUFAs other than LA, fiber intake, hypertension, and education
IWHS, USA	Farvid, 2014 (4)	10	30,180	—	294	—	CAD	61	0	FFQ	5.28% of energy	—	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFAs (or carbohydrate), MUFAs, PUFAs other than LA, fiber intake, hypertension, and education
IIHD, Israel	Farvid, 2014 (4)	10	8272	—	165	—	CAD	48	100	FFQ	6.42% of energy	—	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFAs (or carbohydrate), MUFAs, PUFAs other than LA, fiber intake, hypertension, and education
MDC, Sweden	Farvid, 2014 (4)	15.6	20,674	—	1060	—	CAD	58	39	FFQ + 7-d registration of cooked meals and cold beverages	4.73% of energy	—	Age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, total energy, percent of energy from protein, SFAs (or carbohydrate), MUFAs, PUFAs other than LA, fiber intake, hypertension, and education
Canada-BC, Canada	Goodwin, 2003 (37)	6.1	477	52	—	51	Breast cancer	50.4	0	FFQ	15.1 g/d	Breast cancer	Age, BMI (quadratic), tumor stage, nodal stage, adjuvant hormone therapy, adjuvant chemotherapy, and total energy
NBSS, Canada	Jain, 1994 (38)	4.9	678	—	—	76	Breast cancer	52.7	0	Dietary history	—	Breast cancer	Age, total energy, smoking, and body weight
AARP-DHS, USA	Zhuang, 2019a4 (39)	16	521,120	129,328	38,747	45,783	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	63	58.8	FFQ	5.96% of energy	—	Age, sex, BMI, race, education, marital status, household income, smoking, alcohol, physical activity, history of hypertension, history of hypercholesterolemia, perceived health condition, history of heart disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, and cancer at baseline, multivitamin use, aspirin use, hormone use for women, intake of total energy, percentages of energy intake from protein, and remaining FAs
Örebro-PC, Canada	Epstein, 2012 (40)	>10	525	490	—	222	Prostate cancer	70.7	100	FFQ	7.9 g/d	Prostate cancer	Age, family history of prostate cancer, smoking status, calendar year, alcohol intake, and BMI
NHANES, USA	Zhuang, 2019b4 (41)	9.1	36,032	4826	1299	1099	All-cause, CVD, and cancer	46.2	48.6	One-day 24-h dietary recall	14.8 g/d	—	Age, gender, race-ethnicity, BMI, education, marital status, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking status, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, family history of CVD, intake of total energy, vegetables, fruits, red meat and saturated fat
CHNS, China	Zhuang, 2019b4 (41)	14	14,117	1007	—	—	All-cause	41.4	46	Three-day, 24-h dietary recall	9.2 g/d	—	Age, gender, BMI, education, marital status, residence, physical activity, smoking, alcohol drinking status, history of hypertension, history of diabetes, intake of total energy, vegetables, fruits, red meat, and saturated fat
InCHIANTI, Italy	Lelli, 2019 (42)	<9	927	318	114	—	All-cause and CVD	75	44	FFQ	—	—	Age, sex, education, BMI, estimated glomerular filtration rate (CKD-EPI equation), caloric intake/body weight, smoke, hypertension, diabetes, alcohol, and oleic acid consumption

¹AARP-DHS, NIH–American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Diet and Health Study; ALA, α-linolenic acid; ARIC-Men, male participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study; ATBC, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study; Canada-PC, Canada Breast Cancer Study; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHNS, China Health and Nutrition Survey; CKD-EPI, Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder; CSPOC-BC, Cancer Surveillance Program of Orange County–Breast Cancer; CVD, cardiovascular disease, FA, fatty acid; FFQ, food-frequency questionnaire; FMC, Finnish Mobile Clinic Health Study; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; IIHD, Ischemic Heart Disease Study; InCHIANTI, the InCHIANTI (Invecchiare in Chianti, aging in the Chianti area) study; Italian elderly, a cohort of old people recruited in Italy; IWHS, Iowa Women's Health Study; KIHD, Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study; LA, linoleic acid; LIBCSP, Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project; MDC, Malmo Diet and Cancer Cohort Study; MRFIT, Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial; NBSS, National Breast Screening Study; NHS, Nurses’ Health Study; Örebro-PC, Örebro Prostate Cancer Study; PD, Parkinson disease; ref, reference; SFFQ, semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire; VIP-Men, male participants from the Västerbotten Intervention Program.

²The cohort reported in this paper is reported more in detail/updated in another paper, but due to specific reasons (e.g., specific baseline conditions), we included this paper in the stratification analysis.

³MRFIT was reported in two articles with the same follow-up period but different numbers of all-cause mortality cases. In reference 22 Table II, the number of cases of all-cause mortality was reported as 522; in reference 23 Table 2, it was reported as 439.

⁴Zhuang 2019a refers to reference 53 while Zhuang 2019b refers to reference 55.