TABLE 1.

Baseline demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the analytic sample composed of 15,319 women from the WHI DM-C and 61,372 from the OS, enrolled during 1993–1998 at 40 US clinical centers¹

	OS (n = 61,372)		DM-C (n = 15,319)
Characteristic	n	%	n	%
Age, y
50–54	8519	13.9	1351	8.8
55–59	11,778	19.2	3258	21.3
60–64	13,599	22.2	3885	25.4
65–69	13,483	22.0	3531	23.0
70–74	9735	15.9	2305	15.0
≥75	4258	6.9	989	6.5
BMI, kg/m2
<25	25,448	41.5	4161	27.2
25 to <30	20,958	34.1	5430	35.4
≥30	14,966	24.4	5728	37.4
Race/ethnicity
White	52,804	86.0	13,133	85.7
Black	3956	6.4	1130	7.4
Hispanic	1891	3.1	433	2.8
American Indian	213	0.3	37	0.2
Asian/PI	1728	2.8	393	2.6
Unknown	780	1.3	193	1.3
Education
Less than high school	2321	3.8	545	3.6
High school/GED	9679	15.8	2620	17.1
School after high school	22,328	36.4	6031	39.4
College degree or higher	27,044	44.1	6123	40.0
Family income (per year)
<$20,000	8680	14.2	2024	13.2
$20,000 to <$35,000	14,190	23.1	3720	24.3
$35,000 to <$50,000	12,554	20.5	3306	21.6
$50,000 to <$75,000	12,765	20.8	3330	21.7
≥$75,000	13,183	21.5	2939	19.2
Season of FFQ completion
Spring	15,911	25.9	3977	26.0
Summer	17,122	27.9	3730	24.3
Fall	14,247	23.2	3824	25.0
Winter	14,092	23.0	3788	24.7
Current smoker
No	57,674	94.0	14,397	94.0
Yes	3698	6.0	922	6.0
Alcohol intake
Non-/past drinker	17,436	28.4	5241	34.2
<1 drink/wk	19,457	31.7	4446	29.0
1 to <7 drinks/wk	16,413	26.7	4191	27.4
≥7 drinks/wk	8066	13.1	1441	9.4
Any supplement use	34,314	55.9	7594	49.6
Taking single supplement of β-carotene	3221	5.2	437	2.9
Taking single supplement of vitamin E (α-tocopherol)	21,120	34.4	4774	31.2
Taking single supplement of vitamin A	4415	7.2	662	4.3
Daily intake from multivitamins, other combination supplements, or single supplements
β-Carotene, median (IQR), μg	0	(0, 4500)	0	(0, 4500)
Vitamin E (α-tocopherol),2 median (IQR), mg	27	(0, 364)	27	(0, 364)
Vitamin A, median (IQR), μg RE	429	(0, 1500)	0	(0, 1500)
Medication use
Antihyperlipidemic medication	5668	9.2	1432	9.3
Antidiabetic medication	1818	3.0	615	4.0
Antihypertensive medication	18,039	29.4	5063	33.1
Postmenopausal hormone use
Never	23,994	39.1	6089	39.7
Past	9118	14.9	2994	19.5
E-alone	15,464	25.2	3614	23.6
E+P	12,796	20.8	2622	17.1
Recreational physical activity, MET-h/wk
None	7868	12.8	2647	17.3
>0 to ≤9.5	21,440	34.9	6241	40.7
>9.5 to ≤20.5	16,967	27.6	3746	24.5
>20.5	15,097	24.6	2685	17.5
History of CVD3
No	58,470	95.3	14,718	96.1
Yes	2902	4.7	601	3.9
History of MI	1334	2.2	298	1.9
History of CABG/PCI	1063	1.7	193	1.3
History of heart failure	607	1.0	121	0.8
History of stroke	777	1.3	160	1.0
History of cancer
No	53,682	87.5	14,552	95.0
Yes	7690	12.5	767	5.0
Breast	3952	5.7	65	0.4
Colorectal	550	0.9	15	0.1
Ovary	398	0.7	66	0.4
Endometrium	1060	1.7	143	0.9
Thyroid	333	0.5	61	0.4
Cervix	749	1.2	195	1.3
Melanoma	829	1.4	107	0.7
Liver	23	<0.1	1	<0.1
Lung	140	0.2	15	0.1
Brain	30	<0.1	6	<0.1
Bone	40	0.1	8	0.1
Stomach	33	0.1	1	<0.1
Leukemia	54	0.1	5	<0.1
Bladder	116	0.2	10	0.1
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma	141	0.2	6	<0.1
Hodgkin lymphoma	37	0.1	5	<0.1
History of treated hypertension	15,069	24.6	4677	30.5
History of treated diabetes	2243	3.7	741	4.8
Family history of MI	31,859	51.9	7947	51.9
Family history of stroke	23,338	38.0	5832	38.1
Family history of breast cancer	9782	15.9	2213	14.4
Family history of colorectal cancer	10,020	16.3	2402	15.7
Family history of diabetes	19,755	32.2	5275	34.4

¹ n = 76,691. CABG/PCI, coronary artery bypass graft or percutaneous coronary intervention; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DM-C, Dietary Modification Trial comparison group; E-alone, estrogens alone; E+P, estrogens plus progestin; GED, General Educational Development; MET, metabolic equivalent unit; MI, myocardial infarction; OS, Observational Study; PI, Pacific Islander; RE, retinol equivalents; WHI, Women's Health Initiative.

²Converted from IU/d to mg/d using a conversion factor of 0.67 for natural and 0.91 for synthetic ɑ-tocopherol.

³Nonfatal MI, CABG/PCI, or stroke.