TABLE 2.

The association between CML intake and SAF in the total study population and in subgroups based on disease status¹

		Coefficient (95% CI)
Group	n	Model 1	Model 2	Model 3	P-interaction
Total	2515	0.009 [−0.01, 0.027]	0.008 [−0.011, 0.026]	0.011 [−0.007, 0.029]
Nondiabetes	2185	0.012 [−0.007, 0.032]	0.012 [−0.008, 0.031]	0.019 [−0.001, 0.038]	0.062
Diabetes	303	−0.036 [−0.093, 0.02]	−0.037 [−0.094, 0.019]	−0.036 [−0.092, 0.021]
Non-CKD	2172	0.015 [−0.005, 0.034]	0.014 [−0.005, 0.034]	0.018 [−0.001, 0.038]	0.033
CKD	296	−0.044 [−0.105, 0.017]	−0.044 [−0.105, 0.017]	−0.04 [−0.101, 0.021]
With neither diabetes nor CKD	1914	0.021 [0.001, 0.042]	0.021 [0, 0.042]	0.03 [0.009, 0.05]

¹Among the 2515 participants, 553 individuals had either diabetes or CKD or both diseases (n = 303 diabetes, n = 296 CKD), 1914 individuals did not have either diabetes or CKD, and for 48 individuals the diabetes and CKD status could not be determined due to missing information. Regression coefficients [95% CIs] of CML z score were estimated from the linear regression models and represent the adjusted difference of SAF (AU) associated with one SD difference of dietary CML intake. Model 1 adjusted for age, sex, and RS subcohorts; model 2 further adjusted for energy intake and physical activity; model 3 adjusted for diet quality score, smoking status, eGFR, and diabetes status (except for subgroups categorized by diabetes status) in addition to model 2. AU, arbitrary units; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CML, carboxymethyl-lysine; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; RS, Rotterdam Study; SAF, skin autofluorescence.

²Model: SAF ∼ CML + age + sex + RS subcohorts + energy intake + physical activity + diet quality score + smoking status + eGFR + diabetes status + CML × diabetes status.

³Model: SAF ∼ CML + age + sex + RS subcohorts + energy intake + physical activity + diet quality score + smoking status + CKD status + diabetes status + CML × CKD status.