FIGURE 2.

Nanoparticle-based therapy for cardiovascular diseases. Therapeutic strategies may involve intravenous delivery of drug-loaded nanomaterials, modified with cardiac tissue-targeting moieties (A) or guided with non-invasive heating or magnetic field (B). Furthermore, cardiac patch may be applied locally in the infarct region to provide simultaneous delivery of the nanoparticles and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular cells (cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells) (C) to provide robust myocardial tissue regeneration and functional improvements.