TABLE 1.
Characteristics of participants.
|
Combination exercise group |
Control group |
2 (group) by 2 (age category) ANOVA |
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|
Middle age |
Older |
Middle age |
Older |
p-Value |
|||||||
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Group effect | Age-category effect | Interaction effect | |
| Age | 55.00 | 3.59 | 69.73 | 5.32 | 54.88 | 3.74 | 70.07 | 5.38 | 0.96 | 0.00 | 0.75 |
| Education | 14.60 | 2.26 | 13.47 | 1.41 | 14.33 | 2.44 | 13.67 | 1.99 | 0.98 | 0.10 | 0.64 |
| Height | 158.03 | 4.12 | 155.25 | 3.78 | 158.99 | 3.60 | 154.66 | 3.62 | 0.89 | 0.00 | 0.38 |
| Weight | 55.66 | 4.48 | 55.09 | 4.34 | 54.45 | 3.91 | 54.99 | 4.63 | 0.30 | 0.44 | 0.66 |
| BMI | 22.35 | 2.86 | 23.90 | 2.21 | 21.61 | 2.05 | 23.16 | 2.16 | 0.31 | 0.02 | 0.96 |
| %HRmax | 71.54 | 3.05 | 71.36 | 2.35 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Cognitive functions at the baseline | |||||||||||
| Cd | 90.21 | 8.16 | 71.67 | 15.71 | 90.06 | 12.89 | 69.93 | 16.88 | 0.99 | 0.00 | 0.76 |
| rST | 36.86 | 6.87 | 25.80 | 7.95 | 37.94 | 4.99 | 27.29 | 8.12 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.91 |
| ST | 36.71 | 7.00 | 24.60 | 9.35 | 37.88 | 5.03 | 27.00 | 8.30 | 0.34 | 0.00 | 0.67 |
| LFT | 10.43 | 2.87 | 9.00 | 1.89 | 8.75 | 2.84 | 9.14 | 3.74 | 0.36 | 0.58 | 0.30 |
| Updating | 11.36 | 2.37 | 8.73 | 2.76 | 10.44 | 1.90 | 9.36 | 3.63 | 0.89 | 0.02 | 0.42 |
| D-CAT | 201.50 | 37.47 | 171.13 | 33.23 | 196.81 | 24.91 | 162.07 | 27.38 | 0.70 | 0.00 | 0.57 |
| Mood at the baseline | |||||||||||
| AH | 3.93 | 2.56 | 3.33 | 2.61 | 4.13 | 3.22 | 3.79 | 4.30 | 0.70 | 0.23 | 0.85 |
| CB | 3.86 | 2.11 | 4.20 | 2.34 | 5.25 | 3.34 | 4.71 | 4.03 | 0.24 | 0.99 | 0.63 |
| DD | 2.86 | 2.11 | 3.60 | 2.64 | 3.44 | 3.54 | 3.93 | 3.56 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.97 |
| FI | 4.71 | 3.79 | 4.00 | 1.85 | 4.81 | 3.21 | 4.64 | 3.59 | 0.88 | 0.78 | 0.56 |
| TA | 5.50 | 2.14 | 6.33 | 2.35 | 7.50 | 4.21 | 5.86 | 3.39 | 0.24 | 0.68 | 0.11 |
| VA | 7.79 | 2.97 | 9.47 | 2.85 | 8.69 | 3.40 | 8.79 | 4.28 | 0.58 | 0.16 | 0.22 |
| F | 11.71 | 3.41 | 12.53 | 2.36 | 12.13 | 3.03 | 11.64 | 4.75 | 0.92 | 0.34 | 0.30 |
| TMD | 24.79 | 10.53 | 24.53 | 10.22 | 28.56 | 17.56 | 25.79 | 17.40 | 0.54 | 0.97 | 0.81 |
Unit of education is years, %HRmax, percentage of maximum heart rate; SD, standard deviation; Cd, digit symbol coding; rST, reverse Stroop task; ST, Stroop task; LFT, letter fluency task; Updating, working memory updating task; D-CAT, digit cancellation task; AH, Anger–Hostility; CD, Confusion–Bewilderment; DD, Depression–Dejection; FI, Fatigue–Inertia; TA, Tension–Anxiety; VA, Vigor–Activity; F, Friendliness; TMD, total mood disturbance. Means and SDs were the pooled means and SD after multiple imputations (m = 20).