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. 2020 Jun 24;8:552. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00552

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Copyright © 2020 Distler, Fournier, Grünewald, Polley, Seitz, Detsch and Boccaccini.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gene expression study of human ASC on PLA-1% BG scaffolds. Relative gene expression of Col1, VEGF, BGP, RUNX2, and ALP in human ASC cultured for 35 days on 3D printed 1% BG containing PLA scaffolds normalized to PLA scaffolds in (A) nonosteogenic and (B) osteogenic differentiation medium. Data is reported as mean ± s.e.m (n = 4). ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey -HSD test; ^*p ≤ 0.05. (C) Light microscopy images of ASC after 35 days cultured in non-osteogenic (top) and osteogenic (bottom) medium. The white arrow indicates higher cell growth observed inside scaffold pores for ASC cultured in nonosteogenic medium in comparison to +OS scaffolds, indicative for higher proliferation on –OS scaffolds. Scale bars: 200 μm, 100 μm (insert, top right).