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. 2020 Jun 30;10:10625. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-67403-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Normalized EMG, co-contraction, and Ia profiles for muscles spanning the shoulder. Thick lines show averages for each movement across all participants. Shaded areas show the standard error of the mean across participants for EMG and co-contraction signals and standard deviation across participants for Ia signals. Movement phase represents normalized duration of each movement as in Fig. 2. Signals are subdivided into antagonist pairs AD-PD (A), Pec-TM (B), and BicL-TriLo (C).