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. 2020 Jun 30;5:109. doi: 10.1038/s41392-020-00217-4

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — tRFs and tiRNAs regulate translation. a By binding to small ribosomal subunits, tRF inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and leads to weakened translation. b 5′tiRNA inhibits translation by forming a RNA G-quadruplex (RG4s) that replaces the translation initiation complex eIF4G/eIF4E on the mRNA cap. c The combination of tRF-3 with argonaute 3 (Ago3) and Ago4 binding to mRNA allows mRNA-degrading enzymes to degrade the target mRNA