Table 6.

Differential diagnoses for immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome.

Diagnosis	Clinical pearls to differentiate from ICANS
Infection/Sepsis	High fever can lead to confusion; obtain cultures; and labs
Stroke	Higher risk in these patients; may require initial non-contrast CT of head
Pain medication	Review medication administration record for past 24–72 h
New or progressive disease in the central nervous system	Leptomeningeal disease and/or parenchymal brain lesions; found on imaging and/or lumbar puncture cytology