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. 2020 Jun 24;11:943. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00943

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Evaluation of leptin sensitivity in lard-rich HFD fed mice treated with TM5441. (A) Plasma leptin levels of HFD-WT-TM5441 mice and HFD-WT-Control mice. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of n = 9 mice. (B) Body weight of HFD-WT-TM5441-Leptin mice, HFD-WT-Control-Leptin mice, HFD-WT-TM5441-Saline mice, and HFD-WT-Control-Saline mice. Ten-week-old WT mice that had been pre-fed the lard-rich HFD for 2 weeks were given either lard-rich HFD mixed with TM5441 or lard-rich HFD for 1 week. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of n = 4 mice. (C) Body weight changes during leptin treatment. Mice were given a daily intraperitoneal injection of either leptin (HFD-WT-TM5441-Leptin mice or HFD-WT-Control-Leptin mice) or saline (HFD-WT-TM5441-Saline mice or HFD-WT-Control-Saline mice) for 5 consecutive days. Body weight immediately before the first leptin injection was subtracted from body weight 24 h after the last injection. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of n = 4 mice. (D) Body weight of HFD-WT-TM5441-Leptin mice, HFD-WT-Control-Leptin mice, HFD-WT-TM5441-Saline mice, and HFD-WT-Control-Saline mice. Ten-week-old WT mice that had been pre-fed the lard-rich HFD for 2 weeks were given either lard-rich HFD mixed with TM5441 or lard-rich HFD for 1 week. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of n = 4 mice. (E) Relative mRNA expressions of agouti-related peptide (agrp), neuropeptide y (npy), and proopiomelanocortin (Pomc) in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC). Mice were fasted for 24 h and then given a single intraperitoneal injection of either leptin (HFD-WT-TM5441-Leptin mice or HFD-WT-Control-Leptin mice) or saline (HFD-WT-TM5441-Saline mice or HFD-WT-Control-Saline mice). Brain samples were harvested 4 h after the injection. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of n = 4 mice. (F) Relative mRNA expressions of uncoupling protein 1 (ucp1), peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (pgc-1a), type II iodothyronine deiodinase (dio2), cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor alpha subunit-like effector A (cidea), and PR domain containing 16 (prdm16) in brown adipose tissue (BAT). Ten-week-old WT mice that had been pre-fed the lard-rich HFD for 2 weeks were given either lard-rich HFD mixed with TM5441 or lard-rich HFD for 1 week. Results are expressed as mean ± SE of n = 9 mice. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01.