FIG 1.

BBC inhibits production of infectious SFV and CHIKV. (A) Chemical structure of berberine chloride (BBC). (B) Timeline schematic of experimental design for treatment of SFV-infected cells. BHK-21 cells were infected with SFV at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 10 for 1 h, then treated with BBC at 4 h postinfection (hpi). Unless otherwise noted, all assays in this study were performed after 4.5 h of BBC treatment and at 8.5 hpi. (C) BHK-21 cells were infected with ppSFV or ppVSV at an MOI of 10, BBC was added at 4 hpi, and samples were harvested at 8.5 hpi. (D) BHK-21 cells were infected with CHIKV at an MOI of 1, BBC was added at 6 hpi, and samples were harvested at 12.5 hpi. (C and D) Infectious virus release was quantitated by plaque assay. The graphs represent the means with individual data points plotted for two to seven independent experiments. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (C) or one-way ANOVA (D) with Dunnett’s multiple-comparison test was performed to assess the statistical significance of infectious virus production in infected cells treated with vehicle control versus 10, 20, or 50 μM BBC. ***, P < 0.001.