Fig. 7.

Summary of observed qualitative flow hemodynamic features. A and B: all healthy pediatric and adult subjects revealed normal flow through pulmonary arteries without any secondary flow features or disturbances as visualized by cohesive path lines in representative pediatric (A) and adult (B) subjects. C and D: prominent large-scale vortices were present in 50% of children with pulmonary arterial hypertension (C) and present in all adult patients (D). E: different representation of vortex structure from the sagittal view depicting path lines forming along the dilated main pulmonary artery (MPA) lumen (left), with artistic representation of streamlines depicting the flow trajectory from the right ventricular (RV) outflow tract to branch pulmonary arteries (middle) and velocity mean intensity projection revealing the flow acceleration as part of the vortex formation (right). mPAP, mean pulmonary arterial pressure; PVRi, pulmonary vascular resistance index.