Table 1.
Differences in general sociodemographic and anthropometric characteristics, and general health status of the study participants.
| Variable |
Cases, n = 96 |
Controls, n = 96 |
P-value∗∗ |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | |||
| Male | 37 (38.54%) | 37 (38.54%) | 1.0 |
| Female | 59 (61.46%) | 59 (61.46%) | |
| Age (year) | 44.13 ± 12.57 | 42.47 ± 13.50 | 0.40 |
| Education | |||
| Primary school | 27 (28.42%) | 12 (12.5%) | 0.001 |
| High school | 40 (42.11 %) | 23 (23.96%) | |
| Associate diploma/B.Sc. | 25 (26.31%) | 50 (52.08%) | |
| Postgraduates | 3 (3.16%) | 11 (11.46%) | |
| Job status | |||
| Employed/student | 27 (28.13%) | 69 (71.87%) | 0.001 |
| Retired | 7 (7.29 %) | 15 (15.63 %) | |
| Housewife for women | 18 (18.75%) | 10 (10.42 %) | |
| Unemployed | 44 (45.83 %) | 2 (2.08%) | |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 31 (32.29%) | 17 (17.71%) | 0.001 |
| Married | 48 (50%) | 73 (76.04%) | |
| Divorced | 15 (15.63%) | 2 (2.08%) | |
| Widow | 2 (2.08%) | 4 (4.17%) | |
| Weight (kg) | 76.36 ± 18.58 | 75.16 ± 16.48 | 0.63 |
| Height (cm) | 162.68 ± 9.53 | 164.73 ± 9.55 | 0.13 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.99 ± 7.32 | 27.44 ± 6.12 | 0.11 |
| BMI Classification | |||
| Underweight | 4 (4.17 %) | 2 (2.08%) | |
| Normal | 26 (27.08 %) | 34 (35.42%) | |
| Overweight | 30 (31.25%) | 35 (36.46%) | |
| Obese | 36 (37.5 %) | 25 (26.04%) | 0.25 |
| Body fat percentage (%) | 35.38 ± 12.03 | 32.67 ± 10.03 | 0.09 |
| Total body water percentage (%) | 35.98 ± 6.35 | 36.08 ± 6.6 | 0.91 |
| Body surface area (m2) | 1.84 ± 0.24 | 1.85 ± 0.23 | 0.98 |
| Lean mass (kg) | 48.41 ± 8.02 | 48.9 ± 8.38 | 0.68 |
| Fat mass (kg) | 27.94 ± 13.02 | 26.26 ± 10.19 | 0.31 |
| Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) | |||
| Mild | 13 (13.54%) | NA | NA |
| Moderate | 40 (41.67%) | ||
| Severe | 43 (44.79%) | ||
| Diabetes type 2∗∗∗ | 26 (27.08%) | 7 (7.29%) | 0.001 |
| Hypertension∗∗∗ | 27 (28.13%) | 11 (11.46%) | 0.004 |
| Cardiovascular problems∗∗∗ | 6 (6.25%) | 7 (7.29%) | 0.78 |
| Musculoskeletal disorders∗∗∗ | 39 (40.63%) | 24 (25%) | 0.020 |
∗ Mean ± SD or n(%).
∗∗ t-test or Pearson's/McNemar's Chi2 test.
∗∗∗ Diagnosis according to ICD-10.
Cardiovascular disease included: angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure; cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, carditis, and venous thrombosis.
Musculoskeletal disorders included: osteoarthritis, gout, rheumatoid arthritis, fibromyalgia, plantar fasciitis, heel spurs, and tendonitis.