Table 2.
Multivariate logistic regression results from NESARC estimating psychotherapeutic misuse (0/1) since the last year's interview, (N = 34,500) and estimating frequency of psychotherapeutic misuse since the last year's interview, (N = 34,500).
| Individual Risk Factors | Model 1: Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) for Prescription Drug Misuse Since Last Interview (PDMSLI), (95% Conf. Interval) | Model 2: Adjusted Odds Ratios (AOR) for PDMSLI with Control for structural risk factors(95% Conf. Interval) | Model 3:Prescription Drug Misuse Frequency (PDMF) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reported Pain and Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Pain level 2 (“little bit”) | 1.98*** (1.82, 2.16) | 1.91*** (1.73, 2.10) | 2.03*** (1.81, 2.27) |
| Pain level 3 (“moderate”) | 2.04*** (1.88, 2.23) | 1.86*** (1.68, 2.05) | 2.74*** (2.40, 3.12) |
| Pain level 4 (“quite a bit/severe”) | 2.75*** (2.40, 3.15) | 2.68*** (2.29, 3.14) | 3.59*** (2.96, 4.36) |
| Pain level 5 (“extreme”) | 1.39 ** (1.14, 1.70) | 1.11 (0.86, 1.43) | 1.54*** (1.20, 1.98) |
| Black | 0.48*** (0.43, 0.53) | 0.37*** (0.33, 0.42) | 0.45*** (0.39, 0.51) |
| AI | 0.64 ** (0.46, 0.89) | 0.65 ** (0.47, 0.90) | 0.48 ** (0.31, 0.75) |
| A/PI | 0.50*** (0.44, 0.57) | 0.50*** (0.44, 0.57) | 0.44*** (0.36, 0.52) |
| Hispanic | 0.58*** (0.55, 0.61) | 0.52*** (0.48, 0.55) | 0.53*** (0.49, 0.57) |
| Interactions of Reported Pain and Race/Ethnicity | |||
| Black and Pain level 2 | 1.58*** (1.35, 1.84) | ||
| Black and Pain level 3 | 2.09*** (1.62, 2.69) | ||
| Black and Pain level 4 | 0.81 (0.52, 1.25) | ||
| Black and Pain level 5 | 3.78*** (2.55, 5.59) | ||
| Hispanic and Pain level 2 | 1.04 (0.91, 1.18) | ||
| Hispanic and Pain level 3 | 1.45*** (1.22, 1.74) | ||
| Hispanic and Pain level 4 | 1.69*** (1.42, 2.02) | ||
| Hispanic and Pain level 5 | 2.32*** (1.64, 3.27) | ||
| Individual Controls | |||
| Female | 0.75*** (0.70, 0.80) | 0.75*** (0.70, 0.79) | 0.66*** (0.60, 0.73) |
| Age 18-25 | 4.40*** (3.93, 4.92) | 4.41*** (3.95, 4.92) | 5.15*** (4.43, 5.99) |
| Age 26-35 | 2.53*** (2.31, 2.79) | 2.53*** (2.31, 2.78) | 3.29*** (2.89, 3.75) |
| Age 36-50 | 1.97*** (1.76, 2.20) | 1.96*** (1.76, 2.19) | 2.41*** (2.08, 2.79) |
| Age 65-99 | 0.71 ** (0.57, 0.88) | 0.72 ** (0.58, 0.89) | 0.64*** (0.52, 0.79) |
| No diploma | 0.87 * (0.77, 0.97) | 0.86 ** (0.77, 0.97) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.13) |
| College degree | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.88, 1.00) | 0.80*** (0.73, 0.87) |
| Income | 0.82*** (0.79, 0.85) | 0.82*** (0.80, 0.85) | 0.83*** (0.80, 0.86) |
| Structural/Insurance Controls | |||
| Medicare | 0.82 * (0.70, 0.97) | 0.82 * (0.69, 0.96) | 0.80 * (0.66, 0.98) |
| Medicaid | 1.02 (0.87, 1.19) | 1.02 (0.87, 1.19) | 0.93 (0.76, 1.15) |
| Military/VA insurance | 1.29 ** (1.08, 1.54) | 1.28 ** (1.07, 1.53) | 0.81 (0.61, 1.07) |
| Private insurance | 0.90 ** (0.83, 0.97) | 0.90 ** (0.83, 0.97) | 0.79*** (0.70, 0.90) |
Notes: Multivariate logistic regressions control for age group (ages 18–25, 26–35, 36–50, 51–64, 65+), sex (0 = Male /1 = Female), race (0/1 indicators for White, Black, Asian/Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaskan Native [AI/AN], and Hispanic), educational attainment (indicators for no diploma, high school diploma with no college degree, college graduate), childhood trauma (0 = No /1 = Yes), and insurance coverage (indicators for Private insurance, Medicare, Medicaid, Military/VA, none reported). The regressions also control for (logged) family income, entering zero or negative income families as having a logged value of 0.
Sample sizes only allowed interaction calculations for Blacks and Hispanics and their pain levels.
Regressions use as a referent (baseline) risk a white male with pain level 1 (“no pain”), aged 51–64, a high school diploma, no childhood trauma, and no reported insurance coverage. Odds ratios hold all other variables constant relative to the referent, changing the labeled variable by one unit.
Adjusted Odds Ratios are presented.
Notes: Both regression models had Wald F-tests with p < 0.001, and Model 2 likelihood ratio test against the nested Model 1 (8 d.f.) had p < 0.001.
The results in this table have been cleared by the Census Bureau's Disclosure Review Board release authorization number CBDRB-FY19-124.
*** - significant at 0.001 level.
** - significant at 0.01 level.
* - significant at 0.05 level.