Fig. 1.

(A) Illustration of the cued task-switching paradigm used in each condition. Participants sorted pictures by age or gender. In proactive-possible blocks, the task cue was released before the target, whereas it was presented on target onset in the proactive-impossible blocks. (B) Examples of cues and face targets used in the task. Neutral faces were used in the control and external-reward conditions, while happy faces were used in the positive-stimulus condition. (C) Feedback used for three conditions: (un)happy panda used in the control and positive-stimulus conditions, additional candy counting used in the external-reward condition.