Table 3.
Lifetime prevalence of comorbid disorders in respondents with various IED subtypes, compared to those without IED
| Type of IED | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No IED | Destroy and hurt | Destroy and threaten | Destroy property | Hurt people | Threaten people | Overall test | |||||||||||||||||||
| Comorbid disorder | n1a | n2b | n1a | n2b | OR | (95% CI) | n1a | n2b | OR | (95% CI) | n1a | n2b | OR | (95% CI) | n1a | n2b | OR | (95% CI) | n1a | n2b | OR | (95% CI) | Wald X2 | p-value | df |
| Agoraphobia (with or without panic) | 1203 | 44 651 | 41 | 332 | 5.0* | (3.3–7.7) | 5 | 51 | 4.6* | (1.4–14.6) | 4 | 70 | 3.6* | (1.3–10.3) | 3 | 110 | 0.8 | (0.2–2.8) | 7 | 52 | 4.9* | (2.0–12.0) | 90.6* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Generalised anxiety disorder | 2672 | 44 651 | 66 | 332 | 6.3* | (4.4–8.8) | 15 | 51 | 9.2* | (4.9–17.4) | 13 | 70 | 4.6* | (2.1–10.3) | 20 | 110 | 7.4* | (3.6–14.8) | 14 | 52 | 7.1* | (3.2–16.0) | 189.2* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Panic disorder (with or without agoraphobia) | 1200 | 44 651 | 48 | 332 | 5.3* | (3.5–8.1) | 9 | 51 | 7.7* | (3.1–19.5) | 4 | 70 | 1.6 | (0.6–4.5) | 9 | 110 | 2.9* | (1.3–6.4) | 7 | 52 | 4.5* | (1.7–11.6) | 101.5* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Post-traumatic stress disorder | 1889 | 38 244 | 60 | 296 | 5.5* | (4.0–7.8) | 11 | 45 | 5.4* | (2.5–11.5) | 9 | 60 | 3.7* | (1.8–7.5) | 12 | 99 | 3.5* | (1.6–7.4) | 8 | 47 | 4.8* | (1.7–13.5) | 149.4* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Separation anxiety disorder | 2057 | 26 309 | 76 | 248 | 4.6* | (3.3–6.4) | 11 | 41 | 4.5* | (1.8–11.1) | 11 | 44 | 5.7* | (2.7–11.9) | 17 | 65 | 3.7* | (2.0–7.0) | 8 | 35 | 3.0* | (1.3–6.9) | 162.0* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Social phobia | 2533 | 44 651 | 84 | 332 | 5.1* | (3.7–7.1) | 15 | 51 | 4.7* | (2.1–10.3) | 13 | 70 | 4.2* | (1.9–9.4) | 14 | 110 | 2.7* | (1.2–6.2) | 19 | 52 | 13.3* | (7.0–25.1) | 197.3* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Specific phobia | 4560 | 38 698 | 92 | 299 | 4.1* | (3.0–5.7) | 20 | 50 | 5.8* | (2.9–11.4) | 13 | 60 | 1.9 | (0.9–4.2) | 17 | 83 | 1.7 | (0.9–3.2) | 11 | 41 | 3.4* | (1.4–8.3) | 129.0* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any anxiety disorder | 8128 | 44 651 | 199 | 332 | 8.7* | (6.4–11.9) | 30 | 51 | 6.1* | (2.7–14.0) | 35 | 70 | 6.5* | (3.6–11.9) | 48 | 110 | 4.6* | (2.6–8.4) | 31 | 52 | 9.4* | (4.9–18.0) | 365.2* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Major depression or dysthymia (hierarchical) | 7936 | 44 651 | 109 | 332 | 2.9* | (2.0–4.1) | 15 | 51 | 2.6* | (1.3–5.3) | 21 | 70 | 2.8* | (1.3–6.4) | 26 | 110 | 1.8* | (1.1–3.1) | 19 | 52 | 4.1* | (2.0–8.4) | 65.1* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Bipolar disorder (broad) | 1188 | 38 698 | 62 | 299 | 6.9* | (5.0–9.6) | 11 | 50 | 10.0* | (4.5–22.5) | 7 | 60 | 3.7* | (1.5–8.9) | 11 | 83 | 3.9* | (1.8–8.5) | 7 | 41 | 11.3* | (3.2–39.9) | 210.7* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any mood disorder | 9124 | 44 651 | 171 | 332 | 4.9* | (3.7–6.6) | 26 | 51 | 6.0* | (3.0–11.8) | 28 | 70 | 3.4* | (1.6–7.0) | 37 | 110 | 2.2* | (1.4–3.5) | 26 | 52 | 7.9* | (2.9–21.4) | 158.1* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Bulimia nervosa | 203 | 17 105 | 6 | 141 | 4.1* | (1.4–11.7) | 3 | 23 | 23.8* | (6.1–93.2) | 1 | 29 | 5.4 | (0.5–55.7) | 1 | 40 | 3.0 | (0.4–20.9) | 1 | 21 | 4.8 | (0.6–38.7) | 28.5* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Binge eating disorder (hierarchical) | 436 | 17 105 | 10 | 141 | 2.5* | (1.4–4.5) | 1 | 23 | 1.1 | (0.2–8.3) | 3 | 29 | 7.3* | (2.1–25.8) | 1 | 40 | 2.0 | (0.3–14.7) | 2 | 21 | 4.8* | (1.0–22.7) | 22.7* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any eating disorder | 598 | 17 105 | 16 | 141 | 3.3* | (1.8–6.0) | 4 | 23 | 7.6* | (2.4–24.6) | 4 | 29 | 8.3* | (2.8–24.6) | 2 | 40 | 2.5 | (0.6–10.5) | 3 | 21 | 5.5* | (1.5–20.8) | 43.1* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any internalising disorder | 13 487 | 44 651 | 249 | 332 | 9.0* | (6.5–12.5) | 36 | 51 | 6.0* | (2.5–14.6) | 47 | 70 | 7.8* | (4.2–14.4) | 64 | 110 | 4.2* | (2.4–7.3) | 39 | 52 | 14.8* | (5.3–41.8) | 287.9* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Attention deficit disorder | 589 | 25 952 | 42 | 231 | 5.7* | (3.3–9.8) | 7 | 38 | 4.9* | (1.8–13.3) | 6 | 48 | 4.3* | (1.8–10.0) | 5 | 63 | 3.5 | (0.9–14.1) | 1 | 32 | 1.5 | (0.2–10.6) | 54.1* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Conduct disorder | 652 | 21 666 | 55 | 212 | 7.2* | (4.6–11.3) | 10 | 35 | 5.9* | (2.5–13.8) | 5 | 37 | 2.9* | (1.1–7.5) | 10 | 63 | 5.8* | (2.5–13.5) | 4 | 29 | 5.1* | (1.7–15.5) | 121.2* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Oppositional defiant disorder | 775 | 18 634 | 58 | 186 | 7.0* | (4.2–11.6) | 11 | 34 | 6.9* | (2.9–15.9) | 7 | 34 | 5.1* | (2.2–11.9) | 12 | 48 | 5.8* | (2.8–12.3) | 0 | 26 | 0.0* | (0.0–0.0) | 12 680.0* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any disruptive behaviour disorder | 1540 | 28 406 | 100 | 246 | 9.1* | (6.2–13.3) | 14 | 39 | 4.1* | (1.8–9.1) | 13 | 49 | 5.8* | (3.1–10.9) | 19 | 75 | 6.7* | (3.2–14.4) | 4 | 34 | 1.9 | (0.6–6.0) | 179.3* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Alcohol abuse | 4136 | 42 226 | 132 | 305 | 7.4* | (5.5–9.9) | 12 | 48 | 2.0 | (0.9–4.5) | 21 | 62 | 4.3* | (2.2–8.5) | 34 | 102 | 6.9* | (3.7–13.0) | 9 | 48 | 2.5* | (1.1–5.3) | 240.5* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Alcohol dependence | 1345 | 42 226 | 68 | 305 | 6.8* | (4.6–10.1) | 9 | 48 | 5.2* | (2.1–13.3) | 12 | 62 | 5.9* | (2.6–13.3) | 16 | 102 | 9.2* | (3.9–21.9) | 9 | 48 | 7.7* | (3.6–16.4) | 157.1* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Drug abuse | 1236 | 40 187 | 68 | 294 | 4.8* | (3.3–7.0) | 8 | 46 | 3.3* | (1.2–8.6) | 5 | 59 | 2.3 | (0.7–7.8) | 17 | 100 | 5.7* | (2.7–12.0) | 3 | 45 | 2.3 | (0.7–7.0) | 80.6* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Drug dependence | 447 | 40 187 | 35 | 294 | 5.7* | (3.5–9.1) | 5 | 46 | 3.5* | (1.2–10.8) | 4 | 59 | 5.6* | (1.9–16.4) | 9 | 100 | 8.0* | (3.4–18.7) | 3 | 45 | 5.4* | (1.6–18.5) | 92.5* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any substance use disorder | 4703 | 42 226 | 145 | 305 | 7.5* | (5.7–10.0) | 15 | 48 | 2.2 | (1.0–4.9) | 25 | 62 | 5.6* | (2.8–11.1) | 39 | 102 | 7.7* | (4.1–14.2) | 11 | 48 | 2.5* | (1.2–5.2) | 259.6* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any externalising disorder | 5629 | 44 651 | 185 | 332 | 9.0* | (6.8–11.9) | 22 | 51 | 3.0* | (1.4–6.4) | 31 | 70 | 6.4* | (3.5–11.6) | 50 | 110 | 9.1* | (5.0–16.5) | 13 | 52 | 2.2* | (1.1–4.7) | 339.3* | <0.001 | 5 |
| Any disorder | 16 324 | 44 651 | 287 | 332 | 11.7* | (7.5–18.2) | 42 | 51 | 6.6* | (2.0–21.2) | 50 | 70 | 6.0* | (3.3–11.0) | 83 | 110 | 10.3* | (5.6–19.1) | 42 | 52 | 14.6* | (5.2–41.3) | 256.3* | <0.001 | 5 |
Logistic regression was used to compare the prevalence of the comorbid disorder in respondents with IED to that in respondents without IED. All analyses control for participants' age, sex, education (in country-specific quartiles) and country of origin. All tests have 1 df unless otherwise noted. Bold values highlight the results for disorder classes (i,e. groups of disorders).
a
Nominator N (number of participants reporting the outcome).
b
Denominator N (number of participants asked the question).